Mar., 1910.] Pennsylvanian Limestones. 109 



feet per mile and this is just what would be observed in traversing 

 the slopes of anticlines in this way. Furthermore, an oil field 

 is located 4 to 8 miles southeast of Alliance which strongly indi- 

 cates the presence of an anticline. Other evidence of a fold to 

 the east of Alliance will occur later. 



SOUTHWESTERN MAHONING COUNTY. 



Bests Station. This point is 4^^ miles northeast of Alliance 

 on the Lake Erie, Alliance and Wheeling Railroad, and, with the 

 next two places to be mentioned, in line with Alliance and 

 Howenstein. These three places — Bests Station, North Benton, 

 and Little Mill Creek, furnish exposures that must be combined 

 in a single section in order to be rightly vniderstood and without 

 resort to elevation it would be almost impossible to rightly inter- 

 pret the several outcrops. 



A fourth of a mile east of the station and near the right hand 

 side of the roadway a limestone occurs which was formerly burned 

 for lime. It is not now exposed to its base, but is about 3 feet in 

 thickness, apparently in one massive layer, tough, and rather 

 dark gray or almost black in color. It lies at 1101 feet above sea 

 and is the Vanport limestone as will appear later. 



About 150 yards northwest on the opposite side of the road 

 and on the Cornelius Smith farm the upper part of the Putnam 

 Hill is seen in an excavation for a spring. It lies at 1084 above 

 sea and is a light bluish gray in color, much lighter than the Van- 

 port. Only 1 foot of it is exposed and its thickness unknown. 



North Benton. This village lies 2 miles northeast of Bests 

 and the hill above the town reaches an elevation of 1127 which is 

 sufficiently high to carry both of the above limestones but 50 

 feet of the hill top is sandstone. A well at Mr. Hammond's bam 

 just across the roadway from the brick church penetrates a lime- 

 stone which may be seen outcropping in the roadway east of the 

 barn and near the northwest corner of the cemetery. It lies at 

 1069 and is the Howenstein limestone. Its thickness is not seen 

 at this point but is probably 2 to 3 feet. Mr. Hammond reports 

 4 to 5 feet of black shale on top of the limestone. Sandstone 

 clearly svicceeds the shale as may be readily seen in the roadway 

 above the church. 



Near the northeast corner of the cemetery and 29 feet below 

 the top of the limestone the base of a bed of fireclay occurs. This 

 fireclay marks the horizon of the Upper Mercer limestone but 

 neither the thickness of the fireclay nor what overlies it is exposed 

 here. Two htmdred j^ards or more down steam loose blocks of 

 limestone are seen and are thought to be from this horizon. 

 Nearly a half mile northeast of the cemetery on the O. F. Henry 

 farm this limestone is exposed at 1048 above sea at its highest 

 point. It undtilates sharply dipping 4| feet in 50 yards. It 



