Mar., 1910.] Pennsylvanian Limestones. 115 



lower one being 5 inches. The two layers are a quite constant 

 expression of this limestone throughout Mahoning County and 

 wherever a good exposure of the entire thickness is seen this 

 character is present. I. C. White in his report on Mercer Co., 

 Pennsylvania, pointed out this feature, as noted in the first part 

 of this paper. The most westerly point at which this feature 

 has been observed in Mahoning County is at the fall on Little Mill 

 Creek. The same character occurs at Shew's Mill in Stark County. 



Loii'er Outcrop. On the middle branch of Meander Creek at a 

 point about two-thirds of a mile southwest of the Diehl Creek 

 outcrop and a short distance south of Mr. John Lower's barn the 

 Upper Mercer is exposed in a ravine and lies at 1040. The 

 stratum is not well exposed but is about 2 feet in thickness and is 

 overlain by 80 inches of coal which has been mined to a small 

 extent. The subjacent strata were not seen. This point is 2 

 miles southeastof Club Lake where the Upper Mercer Coal lies 

 at 1037. These elevations indicate practically horizontal strata. 

 The interval between the limestone and the coal at the lake is 

 practically the same as that between the limestone on Diehl 

 Creek and the limestone near the Lower barn. One would think 

 dip must be counted but these elevations and measurements 

 forbid it. 



Bingham Outcrop. One and one-fourth miles west of the 

 Lower outcrop and three-fourths of a mile a little east of south 

 of Club Lake on the farm of E. W. Bingham a limestone lies at 

 1072 feet above sea. It is 15 to 18 inches thick and overlies a 

 bed of coal which was formerly mined to a limited extent. This 

 .is 32 feet higher than the Upper Mercer and is certainly the 

 Howenstein limestone. It lies 7 feet higher than the top of the 

 heavy sandstone at Club Lake. North of the Bingham residence 

 and on the farm of C. E. Bowman a bed of coal lies a few feet 

 above the top of this standsone and is undoubtedly the same 

 coal as on the Bingham farm. 



Above the Howenstein limestone lies sandstone as seen in the 

 hillside above the coal mine and in the roadway near the Bing- 

 ham residence. vSucceeding the massive sandstone a black coaly 

 shale appears with its base at 1096 above sea. Mr. Bingham 

 states that it is 13 feet thick and underlies much of the hill above 

 the limestone and that it has been penetrated by drill in numer- 

 ous places in the hope of finding a good bed of coal. A heavy 

 coarse sandstone succeeds this shale to the top of the hill or to 

 an elevation of about 1150. The structure of this hill from the 

 limestone up is of much importance in the interpretation of the 

 next outcrops to be noted. 



Unger Outcrop. On Meander Creek one-fourth mile south- 

 west of the southwest corner of Canfield Township and on the 

 Unger farm an outcrop of limestone occurs a few hundred yards 



