Mar., 1910.] Pennsylvanian Limestones. 131 



Stark County but with less prominence. It is usually shaly or 

 flaggy and soft, but occasionally it becomes fairly firm and mas- 

 sive, yet nowhere showing the massiveness of the Homewood 

 at Club Lake. 



7. The sixth and highest of these limestones is the Vanport 

 named by Clapp in 1904 but well known previously as the Ferri- 

 ferous limestone. This stratum enters Ohio at Lowellville with 

 a thickness of 16 feet, but suddenly dies out westward. In 

 central Mahoning County its coal thickens and becomes the well 

 known "Canfield Cannel Coal" but without its limestone cov- 

 ering. In southwestern Mahoning County the Vanport reappears 

 and is found at different points in considerable body at least as 

 far westward as central Stark County. The outcrops of the 

 Vanport and Putnam Hill overlap, and the two are sometimes 

 present in the same section. This is particularly true in the 

 vicinity of Middle Branch in vStark County where the Putnam Hill 

 reaches its maximum development and with the Vanport above 

 it in heavy body. Southward from this locality the Putnam 

 Hill maintains a fairly heavy body but the Vanport again dies 

 out at Canton and has only feeble expression in the southern 

 part of the county. 



8. All of the limestones undulate and this occasionally be- 

 comes very pronounced. Variation in the intervals between 

 them is more often due to undulation than to a general thicken- 

 ing or thinning of intermediate strata. 



9. The dip of the strata in the region covered is decidedly 

 variable and a uniform dip of 15 to 20 feet per mile toward the 

 southeast is untenable. The variation appears to be due to low 

 folds one of which seems to extend through western Columbiana 

 County and through central Mahoning Count3^ and with the 

 crest in the vicinity of the village of Canfield. A second fold is 

 thought to extend through the western part of Stark County 

 and with the crest to the west of Canton. 



TABLE OF OUTCROPS AND ELEVATIONS. 



For convenience of reference the various outcrops and places 

 at which limestone occurs with the identification and elevation 

 are given in tabular form. In a few instances the limestone is 

 absent, but its horizon is clearly marked bv fireclav or coal, or 

 both. 



