Mar., 1910.] Pennsylvanian Limestones. 97 



stems and brachiopods were the only fossils noted. In general 

 appearance it is not enough unlike the Mercer limestones to dis- 

 tinguish between them readily. But the Howenstein can be easily 

 distinguished from either of the others by its much darker color. 



A fourth of a mile east of this outcrop and on the hill-road 

 a little above the point where it emerges from the woods, the hori- 

 zon of the Putnam Hill is marked in the roadway by fireclay 

 and coal blossom which lies 64 feet above the Howenstein lime- 

 stone as seen below beside the hill road. A few hundred yards 

 further to the east and to the right of the road and on the farm 

 of Mr. John Shertzer the Lower Kittanning coal is well exposed 

 in a clay pit at 1125 feet above sea. 



It is three feet thick and is underlain by about 20 feet of fire- 

 clay. The top of this coal lies about 73 feet above the Putnam 

 Hill limestone. 39 feet below the toj^ of this coal a bed of fire- 

 clay occurs which marks the horizon of the Vanport limestone at 

 1086 feet above the sea. The limestone does not appear at this 

 point but about four hundred yards north of the Shertzer barn 

 in a ravine in the edge of the woods the limestone was found and 

 at 39 feet below the top of the above coal. The limestone as 

 found here does not exceed S inches thickness, is of a dark gray 

 color, weathers to a rusty-brown, and is sparingly fossiliferous. 



It may be noted here that the Middle Kittanning coal is 3 

 feet, to 3 feet S inches thick and lies at 1160 above sea. 



North Industry. At the head of the gorge of the Nimishillen 

 and about 3^ miles below Canton is the village of North Industry. 

 Outcrops of limestone are numerous in this vicinity and all five 

 are again found with ease especially the four lower ones. The top 

 of the rail at the depot lies at 998 feet above sea, and directly 

 above the station in the old shale quarry the Putnam Hill may 

 be seen at 59 feet above rail or 1057 feet above sea. Here as else- 

 where in the valley of the Nimishillen it is an unmistakable hori- 

 zon. It is 4 feet thick in places and possesses practically the 

 same characters as in the preceding section. 2 inches of shale 

 separate it from the 18 inch coal underlying it. The Howenstein 

 limestone is due at about the level of the depot but is not seen 

 there. A short distance below the station along the tracks it is 

 imperfectly exposed. Opposite the station and near water level 

 in the creek, occurs the lowest limestone visible in this immediate 

 locality. It lies 78 feet below the Putnam Hill at the highest 

 point observed, or at 979 above sea. It will exceed the interval 

 of 78 feet, however, by several feet as it is observed to sink 

 beneath the stream. This is undoubtedly the Upper Mercer 

 or the second limestone noted at Howenstein. As seen here it is 

 21 inches thick, in three layers and much ironstained, the upper 

 layer of 3 inches thickness being heavily charged with iron ore. 

 Sandy shale underlies it. 



