Feb., 1911.] Literature on GeoJagy of South America. 279 



of graywacke, sandstone, qiiartzitc and shale with a subordinate 

 amount of hmestone. 



In the Falkland Islands at CeiTO del Fuerto the Devonian 

 rests confonnably on the Silurian and consists chiefly of micaceous 

 red sandstones.-^ 



The fauna of South America is closely related to that of 

 North America. This is shown, especially, by the presence of 

 such forms as Chonctes coronatus and Tropidoleptus carinatus in 

 the lower Devonian, which occur later in the Hamilton of North 

 America. 



Carboniferous and Permian. The Carboniferous fomiations 

 are apparently more restricted in South America than the Devo- 

 nian, but occur in the same general regions. 



The Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) is made up, in large 

 part, of non-fossiliferous sandstones. The Upper Carboniferous 

 (Pennsylvanian) is largely marine and contains representatives of 

 widely distribtited brachiopods and gastropods. Fusulina lime- 

 stones occur in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. ^^ 



In the lower Amazon region Carboniferous strata (probably 

 both Mississippian and Penns}dvanian) are well exposed. These 

 'beds seem to be unconformable on the older formations'^ but dip 

 with them into the Amazon embayment. Along the Rio Tapajoz, 

 north of Itaituba in the province of Para, the system is composed 

 of green shales at the bottom which are followed above by coarse 

 black shales with numerous concretions (septaria). These shales 

 are succeeded by laminated green, white, and red arenaceous 

 shales and sandstones and capped by more than 60 feet of 

 limestone.'*'^ 



In the provinces of Parana and Santa Catharina, southern 

 Brazil, the Carboniferous rests unconfomiably on the Devonian, 

 or sometimes on the granite itself. In the lower part is a coarse 

 conglomerate, but from this upward the succession is continuous 

 through the Trias without any great unconformities. I. C. White 

 includes the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic in the Santa 

 Catharina system.-"*^ His classification of the fonner two is as 

 follows : 



27. Thomas, Ivor, loc. cit., p. 244. 



28. Steinman, Gustav, Anier. Nat. ,VoI. XXV, 1891, p. 806. 



29. Kavser, Emanuel, Lehrbuch der Geologic, 3d Ed., Vol. II, 1908» 

 p. 2.38. 



30. Hartt, C. F., Bull. Cornell Univ., Vol. I, No. 1, 1874, p. 29. 



31. Commissao de Estudos das Minas de Carvao de Pedra do Brazil. 

 Relatorio Final, 1908, p. 33. 



