46 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. XIII, No. 2, 



Strophomena huronensis, Str. nutans, Str. neglecta, Str. planumbona, 

 Str. sulcata, Platystrophia clarksviUensis, Zygospira kentuckiensis, 

 Helicotoma brocki, Spyroceras hammeUi, and various gasteropods 

 and lamellibranchs not as yet identified. A fomi closely allied to 

 Zygospira kentuckiensis occurs in the fossiliferous horizons of the 

 Queenstown shales in the area south of Georgian Bay. 



Among the various species beginning their range in that part 

 of the Richmond section which underlies the Columnaria reef, but 

 extending also above the latter, may be mentioned: Stromatoce- 

 rium hitronensis, Strephochetus richmondensis, Tetradium huron- 

 ensis, Streptelasma rusticum, Columnaria alveolata, Calapoecia 

 huronensis, Ilebcrtella occidentalis, Rhynchotrcma perlamellosa, 

 Zygospira modesta, and various gasteropoda and pelecypoda not 

 identified. 



That part of the Richmond section on Manitoulin which lies 

 between the base of the Hebertella insculpta zone and the base of 

 the rich Columnaria reef corresponds approximately to the upper 

 part of the Waynesville bed, especially to that part to which 

 the term Blanchester has been applied. 



D. Kagawong Beds, or Upper Richmond. 



Columnaria alveolata and Calapoecia huronensis have a consid- 

 erable vertical range, but the horizon at which they occur in 

 sufficient abundance to form a conspicuous reef evidently is an 

 important paleontological horizon, since it marks the disappear- 

 ance of a considerable part of the underlying Richmond fauna. 

 Moreover, it appears also to be at or above this horizon that 

 Beatricea undulata, Columnaria calycina, and various thick-walled 

 gasteropoda, such as Liospira helena, a large Bellerophon. and a 

 large Bucania or Salpingostoma come in. These species are 

 apparently such forms as could stand rough waters. 



In general, the fauna in the strata immediately above the 

 Columnaria reef appears to be a meager one. At least very few 

 species have been listed from this zone excepting such fonns as 

 Hebertella occidentalis, Rhynchotrcma perlamellosa, and Zygospira 

 modesta, which appear to be able to survive under very adverse 

 conditions. 



At one locality, on an east and west road three miles south of 

 Little Current, Strophomena vetusta and Ceraurus {Eccoptochile) 

 meekanus occur just above this Columnaria reef. These fossils 

 suggest the upper Liljerty or the Whitewater age of the strata 

 involved, while the great abundance of the Columnaria alveolata, 

 and of Calapoecia huronensis, accompanied by Beatricea undulata, 

 suggest the Saluda age of the same strata. In either case, the 

 horizon is distinctly above that of the Waynesville of Ohio. 



Another conspicuous zone, between Gore Bay, Kagawong, 

 Honora, and Little Current, is a Stromatocerium reef which usually 

 is found between 25 and 30 feet above the Columnaria reef, but 



