72 The Ohio Xatumlist. [Vol. XIII, No. 4, 



(a.) Sperms so far as known ciliated and motile; 

 ovules with a pollen-chamber; sporophylls 

 in spiral rosettes or aggregated into cones. 

 Phylum 13. Cyc.a.dophyt.\. 

 (b.) Sperms without cilia, ovules without definite 

 pollen-chambers; sporophylls in cones which 

 may be highly specialized, or reduced. 



Phylum 14. Strobilophyta. 



b. Carpels or the set of carpels (megasporophylls) 

 closed at maturity, with stigmas and with 

 ovularies enclosing the ovules and seeds; pollen 

 (male gametophytes) falling on the stigma and 

 developing long pollentubes; flowers well devel- 

 oped, usually with a perianth, often highly 

 specialized or reduced. Phylum 15. Anthophyta. 



The following arrangement of the fungi is the result of several 

 years of study in attempting to disco\'cr the natural relationships 

 of the thallophytes without chlorophyll. It is no doubt far from 

 what must be the final arrangement, yet it is believed to represent 

 the phyletic classification so far as present investigation has indi- 

 cated lines of sequence and homologies. Where there has been 

 no decided evidence to the contrary, the system and terminology 

 have not been changed from that which is in rather general use. 



In classifying fungi, as well as other groups, the supposed 

 relationships cannot be determined by taking a single character or 

 set of characters into consideration but every part and function 

 in the entire life cycle must be duly considered. Many essentially 

 similar structures and processes have developed entirely inde- 

 pendently of one another. In recent years, it seems that various 

 attempts have been made to read the ordinary antithetic life cycle 

 into the higher fungi. It is probable that alternation of generations 

 had several independent origins even in the unicellular fonns, and 

 the original cycle may have been modified in various ways. One 

 thing is clearly evident, that it is possible to have an alternation 

 of sexual and nonsexual phases with both generations having either 

 the ha])loid or diploid number of chromosomes. 



The lichens have not been distributed farther than the sub- 

 classes, perhaps not as far as present day knowledge would warrant 

 but we need much more morphological and cytological investiga- 

 tion of both the ordinary Ascomycetae and the Ascolichenes 

 before a fairly certain arrangement is ]30ssiblc. 



Whether the Alycophyta, as delimited by the writer, represent 

 two main origins and two phyla or whether the Phycomycetae 

 should be joined with the Gonidiophyta are still open questions, 

 but there is at least a very serious array of objections against the 

 hypothesis that the typical Ascom\-cetae and the Laboulbenieae 

 have had their origin from the red algae rather than from the more 

 primitive Gonidiophyta. The marine nature of the red algae, 

 with their lack of scmi])arasitic aerial forms, as well as the 



