CONTENTS 



Page 



PREFACE iii 



SUMMARY i v 



FIGURES vi 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii 



INTRODUCTION 1 



METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 5 



SUMMARY OF LITERATURE 10 



Breakwaters 10 



Jetties 26 



Groins 33 



Bulkheads 44 



Revetments 58 



Ramps 73 



Piers, Pilings and Other Support Structures 78 



Buoys and Floating Platforms 90 



Harbors for Small Craft 91 



Bridges and Causeways 99 



CASE HISTORY STUDIES 107 



Case History - Small Craft Harbors In Coastal Region 1 - 



North Pacific .107 



Case History - Jetty In Coastal Region 1 - North Pacific . . . 109 

 Case History - Bulkheads In Coastal Region 2 - Southern 



California 112 



Case History - Small Craft Harbors In Coastal Region 2 - 



Southern California 113 



Case History - Bulkheads In Coastal Region 3 - Gulf of 



Mexico 114 



Case History - Causeways In Coastal Region 3 - Gulf of 



Mexico 115 



Case History - Bridges and Causeways In Coastal Region 4 - 



South Florida 117 



Case History - Groins In Coastal Region 5 - South Atlantic . . 122 

 Case History - Bulkheads In Coastal Region 6 - Middle 



Atlantic 123 



Case History - Sandbag Sill Breakwaters In Coastal Region 6 - 



Middle Atlantic 124 



Case History - Piers, Pilings and Other Support Structures 



In Coastal Region 7 - North Atlantic 125 



Case History - Jetties in Coastal Region 7 - North Atlantic. . 126 

 Case History - Bulkheads and Associated Dredging In Coastal 



Region 8 - Great Lakes 127 



Case History - Groins In Coastal Region 8 - Great Lakes . . . 128 



RESEARCH IN PROGRESS 134 



ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 135 



EVALUATION OF EXISTING DATA 137 



RESEARCH NEEDS 141 



GLOSSARY 144 



