2. Southern California Monterey Bay 



to San Diego 

 Bay 



3. Gulf of Mexico Laguna Madre 



to Tampa Bay 



4. South Florida Tampa Bay to 



Banana River 



5. South Atlantic Banana River 



to Pamlico 

 Sound 



6. Middle Atlantic Pamlico Sound 



to Coney 

 Island 



7. North Atlantic Coney Island 



to Bay of 

 Fundy 



8. Great Lakes Great Lakes 



In addition to information specific 

 to each region, this report contains a 

 large body of data that is generally ap- 

 plicable to all coastal regions. Coast- 

 lines of Alaska and Hawaii were not in- 

 cluded in the study. 



Only structure-related sources of 

 information were sought because the 

 stated objective of this study was to 

 provide a document that would aid in 

 assessing environmental impacts of 

 shoreline structures. There are num- 

 erous sources of information that are 

 engineering or biologically related that 

 were considered to be beyond the scope 

 of this study. Examples would be pro- 

 ductivity of artificial reefs or succes- 

 sional patterns, species composition, and 

 productivity on submerged surfaces. 

 Information on dredging and filling was 

 included only where the dredging was 

 performed to supply fill for construct- 

 ing a structure. Backfilling a bulkhead 

 would be an example. A comprehensive 

 review on the effects of dredging is 

 contained in Morton (1976). 



The report contains a summary of 

 the published literature and other infor- 

 mation sources. A conscious effort was 

 made to report only that information 

 from the literature and not to insert the 

 personal views of the writers of this 

 report. 



The evaluation of each structure 

 was based on contents of the literature. 

 Several structures had a sparse data 

 base. A functional approach, rather 

 than a structural approach, was taken 



during the study. Structures that have 

 similar components but different func- 

 tions (e.g., jetties, breakwaters, and 

 groins) may, in many cases, have simi- 

 lar biological impacts. For these rea- 

 sons, the entire report should be read 

 before attempting to evaluate the impact 

 of a specific structure. 



The report is written for a profes- 

 sional biologist with some prior expo- 

 sure to shoreline structures. It is in- 

 tended to be useful during biological 

 evaluations of applications to construct 

 shoreline structures. The report is not 

 intended to be a manual to assist engi- 

 neers in the design of structures. 



The text of this report includes a 

 summary of the literature (organized by 

 structure type), case history studies 

 (arranged by coastal region), a summary 

 of research in progress, an assessment 

 of current environmental impact re- 

 search methodologies and needs, and an 

 evaluation of the existing data. 



The text is followed by a glossary. 

 A keyword index, a primary author re- 

 ference number index, and an annotated 

 bibliography is contained in Volume II. 

 Entries in the annotated bibliography 

 are alphabetized by primary author 

 (first author when an article has mul- 

 tiple authors). References containing 

 information about a specific subject or 

 group of subjects can be obtained 

 through the keyword index. The key- 

 words for each reference are sorted 

 alphabetically. Each keyword for each 

 reference appears as the first keyword 

 in the keyword index followed by the 

 other keywords for that reference. This 

 gives the user access to an article via 

 any keyword for that article and also 

 allows the user to combine keywords to 

 gain access to specific classes of arti- 

 cles (for example, all articles with the 

 keywords fish, revetments, and Coastal 

 Region 1). 



The primary author reference num- 

 ber index contains the number of the 

 primary author of each article referred 

 to by reference number in the keyword 

 index. References can then be located 

 in the annotated bibliography. 



This report provides a perspective 



