breakwaters for the Marine Advisory 

 Service. The objectives of 0' Neil's 

 study are to identify and quantify 

 fouling communities, determine rates of 

 growth, look for the biological mechan- 

 isms of controlling fouling communities, 

 and study water circulation in small 

 harbors. The study was to be completed 

 by Fall 1977. 



Some articles contained in the lit- 

 erature make reference to studies which 

 were planned or underway at the time 

 of publication of those articles. Refer- 

 ences published prior to 1975 which in- 

 dicated that research was planned or 

 underway included 



Researcher 



Structures to 



Researcher 



Cole undated 



Structures to 

 be Studied 



breakwater, 

 harbor 



The only results of these proposed 

 studies which were uncovered during 

 the present study are contained in the 

 articles by Brater et al. (1974, 1975, 

 1977). These studies were alluded to 

 in the Marks and Clinton (1974) article. 



It is presumed that there are many 

 relevant studies underway that are not 

 noted in the literature or that were not 

 determined during interviews or in re- 

 sponses to questionnaires. In addition, 

 there are most likely numerous studies 

 underway that deal with strictly engi- 

 neering aspects of shoreline structures. 

 The best sources of information regard- 

 ing ongoing studies are probably the 

 U.S. Army Engineer Coastal Engineer- 

 ing Research Center in Fort Belvoir, 

 Virginia, and the U.S. Army Engineer 

 Waterways Experiment Station in Vicks- 

 burg, Mississippi. 



A large number of studies which 

 are somewhat peripheral to the present 

 study are also presently underway. Ex- 

 amples would be the numerous biological 

 studies on artificial reefs and dredging 

 effects and engineering studies on mate- 

 rials, life expectancy, and structure 

 design. 



ENVIRONMENTAL 

 METHODOLOGY 



IMPACT ASSESSMENT 



The majority of studies assessing 

 the environmental impact of minor shore- 

 line structures on the coastal environ- 

 ment have been nonexperimental. Over 

 75% of the information sources reviewed 

 were literature reviews, guidelines, and 

 nonexperimental environmental impact 

 assessments and statements. 



Systematic research studies con- 

 ducted before and after the structure 

 installation were rare, and those con- 

 ducted were almost exclusively concern- 

 ed with physical effects or engineering 

 considerations. One ongoing research 

 program that falls into this category is 

 Michigan Demonstration Erosion Control 



135 



