Table 1. Potential 

 their usefulness 



deterrent methods and a preliminary evaluation of 



Deterrent method 



Preliminary evaluation 

 of usefulness 



Microwaves 



Lasers 



Dyes 3 



Searchlights 



Flashing lights and strobes 



Reflectors and balloons 



Flags, kites, smoke 



Hawks and falcons 



Models of predators and scarecrows 



Dead birds in unnatural postures ("crucified") 



Distress and alarm calls 



Sounds of predators (e.g., killer whales) 



Av-Alarm a ' 



Ultrasound (high-frequency sound or 



ultrasonics) 

 High-intensity sound 

 Shell crackers ' 

 Flares, rockets, mortar shells ' 

 Gas exploders 



Fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters 

 Model aircraft (conventional shape) 



(falcon-shaped) 

 Lure areas 

 Foam 



Impractical 



Impractical 



Possible 



Possible 



Possible 



Limited 



None 



Little or none 



Little or none 



Little or none 



Possible 



Possible 



Possible 



None 



Impractical 



Possible 



Possible 



Possible 



Possible 



None 



^ery limited 



Little or none 



Untried 



Techniques that warrant consideration for use in aquatic and marine 

 areas. 



5 The reference to trade names does not imply endorsement of commercial 

 products. 



'There may be a fire hazard or hazard to aircraft associated with these 

 devices. 



117 



