April, 1917] Scientific Drawing in Biology 211 



with water color so finish the drawing and then put in the color 

 wanted with pastel (crayon) . This rubs badly unless fixed with 

 shellac fixatif. 



It is best to lay on several light washes instead of a heavy 

 one to avoid spotting. 



For the very finest lines or most delicate stippling in water 

 color you can use a lithographic pen. For pen drawing water- 

 proof ink is best; such as Higgins or Winsor and Newton. To 

 get an even outline keep turning the papers so that you draw in 

 the most favorable direction. Draw only short sections at a 

 time so as to follow the boundary precisely. 



Where you have heavy outlines to draw take a broken 

 ebony scalpel handle, sharpen it like a pencil and let it soak a 

 while in ink. Do not try to use it on your drawing first after 

 the ink but on another piece of the same paper. This same 

 thing holds with a ruling pen or a common pen. You can stipple 

 or make small thick lined circles very nicely with this ebony 

 point. 



The shadow of an object is darker than the darkest shade on 

 the object. It is tacitly accepted all over the world that the 

 light is to come from the left side. In shading with ink to indi- 

 cate rough surfaces use short, stubby lines, for smooth surfaces 

 use long, fine lines, and for very light shades use fine, broken 

 lines. These long lines should be drawn parallel to the surface 

 you are shading. Never use over two layers of lines in a shadow 

 and these never at right angles to each other. Shades can be 

 stippled in and they will reproduce well. This requires great 

 care in spacing to give the correct shadows and is hard on the 

 eyes. 



A drawing or photograph, can with advantage, be made 

 larger than the size it is to be reproduced. If it is to be reduced 

 to three-fourths of its size, that is known as one-fourth off. 

 If to half the size, it is one-half off. Reduction can be carried 

 only so far before the finer lines will merge into each other. The 

 advantage of reduction is that if the drawing is made large, the 

 lines can be made reasonably wide and uniform. Attempts at 

 very fine lines usually result in lines of uneven width which 

 reproduce poorly. All drawings which are to be on a single 

 plate must be reduced in the same proportion. 



