INTRODUCTION. xix 
11. Bunga Hiehew: Single, ‘Bakehurt,..avd 16. Sugla......... Chitkool to Boorasoo of 
44) Lavwhere.: Chitkool to Lewar of Gurhwal, Gurhwal. 
13. Marja)... like 5, 6, and 7, are crossed The first nine are across the S. Himalayas, the 
14, Seenga . in different months ; 17 is the | rest from the Buspa into Gurhwal. The last seven 
easiest ; open from May to Dec. | are crossed by loaded sheep, but none of the first 
15: Wise < Chitkool. to. Lewar, in May, | seven. 
June, and July. 
The rivers which. have their sources in the snow-beds, from under which they gene- 
rally flow out in a stream, and. of which the lower limits are about 13,000 feet of ele- 
vation in the south-eastern entrances of these passes, are the Andrytie, below the 
Shatool Pass, where the snow commenced in June, at 13,450 feet of elevation; the 
Pabur, below the Broang Pass, at 12,914 feet; the Roopin, below the Gonass Pass, 
nearly at the same elevation. The Buspa is on the northern face, and has a feeder 
from the last-mentioned pass, nearly at 14,000 feet of elevation. There are many other 
feeders of the above rivers, which it is unnecessary to particularize. The Tonse, the 
Jumna, and Berai Gunga, have their origin near the great Bunderpooch cluster of 
mountains; the first at 12,784; the second at 12,489; ahd the Jumna at about 12,000 
feet. The Bhagirethi branch of the Ganges has already been mentioned as _— its 
origin at 13,800 feetiof elevation. 
The passes to the eastward: are fewer in number, but more elevated. The Bhotea 
tribes, of whom we have an interesting account from Mr. Trail, in the 17th volume of 
the Asiatic Researches, inhabit:'the space which extends on the north from the com- 
-‘mencement of the table-land of Tibet, : to the plainward base of the southern row of 
Himalayan peaks. The villages are-all on the northern face of these; and the country 
being more level, as indicated’ by the better roads and more moderate currents, as well 
as by the hills sloping more gradually and being enclosed between high mountains, heat 
is reflected from every side, and the temperature raised much above what would be 
supposed at.such elevations, Spring, summer, and autumn, are comprised in five 
months, from May to September. These passes cannot be visited before the middle 
of June or beginning of July, as even that to Budrinath isnot open before the beginning 
of May. By the commencement of October the cold becomes severe. Roads of 
communication exist, as Mr. Trail informs us, between the passes from east to west, 
but these are passable during a few days only in each year, and are considered dan- 
gerous by the Bhotias themselves. The crest only of these passes can now be visited, 
as every one is prohibited from crossing the frontier, for fear of exciting the jealousy 
of the Tibetan authorities, and disturbing the trans-Himalayan trade of the province 
of Kemaon. The passes are five in number. The Mana and the Neetee on the Saras- 
wati, and the Doolee branches of the Ganges. The Neetee Pass was ascertained by 
Captain Webb to be elevated 16,570 feet ; and the Mana estimated not less than 18,000, 
as a barometrical observation by his assistant, Mr. Tate, gave 17,172 feet as the height 
of Jograo, which is considerably below the Pass. Juwahir, Darma or Lebong, and 
Byans, are the three other passes on the Gouree, Dhoulee, and: Kalee rivers, branches 
of 
