XXVill GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 
Deyra Valley, in most of the uncleared parts, as well as in many of those long cultivated, is intermixed 
with these rounded pebbles and boulders, which are also found at great depths. In the well dug by the 
Hon. Mr. Shore, they were brought up from two hundred and fifty feet ; but I observed that those from 
the greatest depths were angular, and composed of clay-slate and limestone similar to that of the nearest, 
or Mussooree range; but like the shingle of the Sandstone range, or that found in the beds of rivers, they 
are usually composed of every variety of rock. Though so deep in the centre of the valley, the debris 
thins off towards its extremities, where the sandstone is seen underlying the beds of shingle ; these boul- 
ders are also found filling up the vallies of the great Himalayan rivers, as those of the Ganges, Jumna, 
Tonse, Pabur, where flat terraces of considerable extent, sometimes cultivated, may frequently be seen, 
composed chiefly of great masses of boulders, with gravel and sand, with the river flowing at some depth 
below the flat terrace, and through which it appears to have cut its way. These exactly resemble the 
boulders in the channels of the rivers, or those found in the longitudinal vallies, or on the Sandstone 
hills, and may be traced, but smaller in size, to considerable distances: that is, to twenty or twenty-five 
miles in the plains, as may be seen in digging wells. They would be displayed in the same way as the 
Sandstone, or Sewalic range, if any portion of the present plains were by any means to be raised from 
their horizontal into an inclined position. 
This Sandstone range may be traced along the plainward base of the Himalayas, from Roopur, on the 
Sutlej, to the foot of the Siccim Hills, in lat. 263° long. 883°, where it was recognised by Capt. Her- 
bert, in his trip to Darjiling. Dr. Buchanan, in entering Nepal in long. 85°, describes the Hills as com- 
posed in general of clay, intermixed with various proportions of sand, mica, and gravel, disposed in 
strata, either horizontal or dipping towards the north, at an angle less than 25°, and that incrustations 
are abundant, from the deposition of calcareous matter, also lignite. The prolongation of these Hills from 
the Kalee to the Sutlej, or from long. 803° to 763°, has been minutely examined by Capt. Herbert, 
when employed on the Mineralogical Survey of the Himalayas, and their structure found to correspond 
with what has been described, and lignite found throughout. The dip is usually to N.E.; at Chikoom 
S.W.; but between Chilka and Dikoolee the beds are almost horizontal. At Hurdwar and Chandnee- 
puhar, on opposite sides of the river, the strata dip in opposite directions. On the N.E. side of the Deyra 
Valley, in ascending to Mussooree, by Beejapore, I found the sandstone dipping S.W., at an angle of 
25°, and at Kalsee sandstone is also observed dipping to the S., and gradually passing to a dip E. by 
N. Capt. Cautley has observed, that though we may, on a large scale, lay down the dip and direc- 
tion with accuracy, the former as varying from 15° to 35°, and the latter from N.E. to S.W., local details 
give very different results, and that near Nahun the mass of mountains have been upheaved from a 
variety of centres, as if the upheaving power had been exerted irregularly over the face of the district. 
He has observed a section which gives an anticlinal point under the village of Derria, on the Murkunda 
river. My observations also give irregularity of dip in the mountains in the vicinity of Nahun. 
The elevatory force does not any where appear, by which these hills have been raised from the hori- 
zontal position in which they must have been deposited, into their present inclined one; but Dr. 
Falconer and Capt. Cautley have both seen appearances of trap in the neighbourhood of these disturb- 
ances. My specimens and observations indicate its vicinity on the northward of Nahun; also in the vici- 
nity of Khalsee, and in the ascent to Mussooree by Kuerkoolee. The nearest points to the southward 
where indications of trap are seen, are in the bed of the Jumna, and one of these is alluded to by Col. 
Sykes (Proc. Geol. Soc. Jan. 1832), when tracing the trap formation to the north, which I observed in a 
small island called Oudhar, below the village of Kuttea, and about three or four miles higher up the 
river than the Seeta Puhar, and about thirty miles above Allahabad, and therefore near Mhow, which is 
twenty miles below Murka, the two localities where volcanic rocks have been noticed by Mr. Dean, in 
the Journal of the Asiatic Society. 
These 
