XXXIl GEOLOGICAL FORMATION OF 
REPTILIA. 
Ghurial, (Gavial of Naturalists), or Emys, (several species undetermined). 
Leptorhynchus gangeticus. Trionyx, (several species undetermined). 
Crocodile, (Muggur of Natives), or Megalochelys, F.& C. 
Crocodilus biporcatus, v. Tab. 3, fig.'7 to 9. ——_———_—  sivalensis, F’. & C. 
The head of a very large Crocodile. 
PISCES. 
Heads, vertebrae, and scales, &c. of unknown genera and species. 
Teeth of Squalus, v. Tab. 3, fig. 4 & 5. Tongue of Raya? v. Tab. 3, fig. 6, being the only appearance 
of marine remains. 
TESTACEA. 
Univalves and Bivalves, chiefly undetermined, but apparently — Unio, Cyclas, Cyrene, Paludina, 
Planorbis, Helix. 
For detailed descriptions of these Fossils by the above gentlemen, see Asiatic Researches, Calcutta, 1836, Vol. xix., Part L., 
and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, No. 35, Vol. iii., p. 527; No. 45, 46, 48, Vol. iv., p. 495, 565, 706; No. 49, 53, 
55, 57, 58, 59, 60, Vol. v., p. 38, 291, 294,486, 579, 661, 739, 768, as quoted by the Editor of the Transactions of the Geological 
Society, Second Series, Vol. v., p. 278. 
The Geological system of the Himalayas is extremely simple in the line of the sections, which are 
about fifty miles apart, and have been constructed from the Author’s specimens and observations, com- 
mencing from the plains in both, extending to Kedarkanta in the one, and to near Shalma in the other. 
The formations may be treated of under the heads, Ist, of the Stratified, and, 2d, of the Unstratified 
rocks. The Stratified rocks consist of Clay-slate, with Limestone imbedded in, or alternating with it, 
and surmounted by a Quartz conglomerate, often called in India Greywacke or Grauwacke. Clay- 
slate continues for some time, and this is succeeded by Micaceous and other Schists and Gneiss. The 
Unstratified rocks consist of Trap-rocks and of Granite. 
Srratiriep Rocxs—The Himalayas, between the Ganges and Sutlej rivers, like the Sewnlika, 
present towards the plains abruptly steep fronts, and a comparatively gradual slope in the opposite 
‘direction, from the strata dipping towards the north-east. As this is frequently repeated, we have a 
succession of steep ascents and sloping sides, with a deep valley intervening between two successive 
ridges, in which usually runs a small river, flowing either towards the Ganges or into the Jumna, or 
their feeders, or into those of the Sutlej. The drainage of these great rivers is everywhere separated 
by transverse ridges, which connect the parallel rid ges, having the points of junction often projected into 
peaks, (v. p. xvii). By proceeding along these ridges, we may penetrate far into the interior, without 
having occasion to descend into the valleys; but the mountain paths usually take the direct course, and 
we have thus a succession of ridges and of vallies to cross, and to experience great vicissitudes of climate, 
as well as a repetition of the geological structure and of the animal and vegetable forms which are 
dependant on this and on the climate. The plain-ward face being thus abrupt towards the south-west, 
has the solar rays falling on it more perpendicularly, and therefore experiences greater heat and dryness. 
The strata dipping towards the north-east, also produce, from their disintegration, a greater accumula- 
tion of earth on that side, while the springs following the natural slopes are more frequent on the north- 
eastern than on the south-western face of these mountains, and therefore the vegetation of the two 
sides varies much more than would be anticipated by any one who had not observed the difference (v. p.16). 
Cray-State.—In ascending the Himalayas, between the Ganges and Jumna, Clay-slate is invariably 
met 
