THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS, XXXiil 
met with, of great variety of colour as well as of texture, and in many places most remarkably con- 
torted, as at Rikikes, &c. below Surkunda Debee. In the ascent to Mussooree it is soft, variously coloured, 
and crumbling into small quadrangular pieces. At Mutrogh, below Budraj, near the spring which 
supplies water to the village, it may be seen of a fine texture, blue colour, nearly perpendicular, and 
easily splitting into large slabs, is used as roofing slate. It may be seen of a still finer quality, and 
in still larger slabs on the ascent to Choor. In many places, nodules of quartz are seen imbedded in 
clay-slate, and in some places this is found passing into micaceous schist. Copper is found in it, in the 
neighbourhood of Khalsee. 
LimEstonr. — In the ascent to Mussooree, alternating with the clay-slate, we find Limestone, 
usually compact and hard, but often honey-combed and cavernous, bluish in colour, passing to grey, 
whitish and chalk-like in some places, and becoming in others even black. It occurs first at Jureepanee, 
and then at the top of the range; it is also met with at Sahunsudhara, alternating with clay-slate 
and dipping east. It is found also in the Suen range, in the Kaphnul valley, as well as in that of the 
Riknal, and very conspicuously, and of enormous thickness, and overtopping the clay-slate, at Deo- 
bund. It is not, however, found constantly alternating with the clay-slate, even in the range which 
intervenes between the Jumma and Ganges rivers, as it is wanting near Budraj; also between Lan- 
dour and Surkunda, though very abundant in the neighbourhood of Dhunoultee, one of the places 
which the Author recommended as an excellent site for a Sanatarium. The Limestone, though in 
such enormous, apparently amorphous masses, is rather partially diffused, when compared with the Clay- 
slate. Sometimes it is harder, and even non-effervescent, becoming also siliceous, and like chert ; 
though the pure blue limestone, in connection with clay-slate, is the most common. In some situations 
it passes into beautiful cale spar, as at Dhunoultee; in others, into white saccharine Limestone, 
formed of large crystals, as in some places in mica slate and gneiss, as well near the granite of the 
Choor Mountain, and of Gungotri. Gypsum is found associated with the Limestone in some situa- 
tions, as at Sahunsudhara, below Mussooree, and at Jurreepanee, v. Herbert and Cautley (As. Res.) 
Heavy Spar, or Sulphate of Barytes, is found in the ascent to Landour, of which, as well as of the 
rocks, specimens were sent by the Author to the Asiatic Society in 1828. The sulphurous spring in the 
vicinity of Sahunsudhara, with the dripping rocks and numerous stalactites hanging down from the 
roof of the cavernous limestone, with the leaves, &c. encrusted with carbonate of lime, have often 
attracted the attention of, and been described by travellers. 
QuartzosE ConcLomMERATE.—The Clay-slate formation is, in many of the peaks, surmounted by 
strata of a rock which Mr. De la Beche has denominated Quartz conglomerate. It varies much in 
appearance, being light grey coloured on Landour, coarse-grained and reddish on Budraj, formed of 
rounded grains of quartz, and therefore usually called sandstone. This varies in appearance, but is 
usually found at the summits of the peaks, as on Budraj, Landour, and Surkunda, and even on Deobun, 
in thin isolated strata above the limestone. In other situations, it alternates with the clay-slate, and 
then, as described by Mr. Everest, “it becomes a distinct greywacke, consisting of a greyish green base, 
with numerous angular fragments of clay-slate imbedded. No such appearances could be observed in 
the slates which alternate with the Mussooree limestone; and this circumstance, coupled with that of 
supet-position, seems to mark the quartz sandstone as the newest formation of the two.” 
Section No. 2.—The clay-slate met with in the interior is usually more uniform in appearance, espe- 
cially in the line of the section, as on Tuen, where, however, it is much waved and crossed by veins of | 
quartz, so on Acharanda and J: ountgurh, andon to Bhok tibba. In the Khulan valley, clay-slate is alone : 
found, and a precipitous slip shows the whole to be of uniform structure. At the head of the valley Pe 
limestone is met with in masses. The dip is very generally to the N.E., as shown in the Section. ae 
MicackEovs AND OTHER Scutsts.—Mica slate occurs in ascending the south-western — of the Bhok : 
_ tibba, 
