XXXVl GEOLOGICAL FORMATION OF 
of tourmaline. It is the grand granitic axis of the Himalaya, and one of the greatest and most mag- 
nificent outbursts of granite in the world.” He went across the direction of it for many miles (up the 
Bhaghiretty, beyond the temple at Gungotri, and saw no end of it. The granite escarpments shooting 
up into the highest peaks, and the huge cairns of granitic blocks, many of them as large as a house, 
he describes as inconceivably grand. 
The Mines and Mineral productions of the Himalayas have been detailed by the late Capt. Herbert, 
Superintendent of the Mineralogical Survey of the Himalayas, in a Paper in the Asiatic Researches, 
Trans. of the Physical Class, 1829, Part I., p. 227, and may be enumerated as Sulphur, Sulphate of 
Iron, Alum, Bitumen, Graphite, Gypsum, Limestone, Dolomite, Potstone, or indurated Talc. To these 
Calc Spar and Heavy Spar may be added. 
Gotp, in many of the streams, and specks of it in the Granite, near Kedarnath. 
Copper, Grey Copper, and Copper Pyrites, and Green Carbonate. 
Iron.—Red Oxide, Red Hematite, Micaceous, Sealy, and Specular Iron Ore, Compact Red Iron 
Ore, Magnetic Iron Ore. 
Leap in form of fine granular Galena. Of the value’of the mines we may expect a fuller account 
from the investigations of Captain Drummond, accompanied by his Cornish miner. 
Kunawor and the northern face of the Himalayas. The Geology of this tract is little known, but 
we may expect a detailed account from the results of Mons. Jacquemont’s investigations. Capt. Herbert, 
Gl. iii., p. 269, has briefly indicated its characteristics. 
The Gneiss zone being stratified, and dipping at no great inclination to the N.E., the consequences to 
be expected are, that in proceeding to the north-eastward, the same succession of strata would be found, 
but at greater elevations. And this is the fact: although the development of rocks to the north is not 
equal in extent to those on the south side. Micaceous schist, with it sassociates, gradually gives way to 
grauwacke slate or grauwacke, which rocks are found at considerable elevations. Limestone, with orga- 
nic remains, is found in beds in these rocks, and at such an elevation that the tertiary strata may be 
expected to occur at very great heights, and even the superficial deposits which have been called diluvium. 
From the physical features of the country, v. p. xxi., the existence of tertiary strata might be 
expected, but these have been proved to exist by the Fossils, v. p.xxix, which have been figured in Plate 
3, fig. 1 to 3, including the skull and lower jaw of a hollow-horned Ruminant (Antilope), that referred 
to by Capt. Herbert, Gl. iii., p. 270, with the tooth of a Rhinoceros. Those of the Horse, and Ox are also 
mentioned as having been found. The locality of these is not known, but Capt. H. concludes that they 
are from the northern face of the ridge which separates the basin of the Ganges from that of the Sutlej, 
and not far from the town of Dumpa. 
The Fossils figured in Plate 3, fig. 16 to 27, are described by Dr. Gerard, Gleanings iii., p- 92, as 
found by him in a loose stratum of black schist, elevated 13,000 to 15,000 feet upon the declivity of the 
Spiti. The Terebratule were particularly remarked on the Laitche Lang Chain, the third great ridge 
of the Himalayas, at an elevation of 17,000 feet, altogether distinct from the above formation. From 
the examination of the shells, the Rev. Mr. Everest concluded that there exist in the Himalayan range 
strata analogous to the early secondary and transition formations of Europe ; Gli iii, P- 30. Specimens 
of the shells having been sent to Mr. J.D. C. Sowerby, he coincides in this view, and considers some of 
them as identical with shells of the mountain Limestone, Inferior Oolite, and Lias of England. J.A.S. 
13 p- 248. The species in my collection, obtained chiefly from Dr. Gerard, consist of Astarte, fig. 16, 
a genus of which it is extremely difficult to determine the species. Arca or Cucullea, fig.17 ; Avicula, 
fig. 19; Terebratula or Atrypa, fig. 20 and 21, with a species not figured. ‘Fig. 18, genus not determi- 
nable in my specimens: Delthyris? fig. 23; Ammonites, two species, fig. 22 and 24. The markings 
of 
