8 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOTANY OF 
the Himalayas from the plains. With respect to perennials of more temperate cli- 
mates, though many thrive, others, as well as most from alpine situations, suffer, 
not so much from the great hea® which when shaded from the direct rays of the 
sun they resist, nor from the equable moisture of the rains, but from the clear 
weather which succeeds, when there is always a good deal of moisture, with great 
heat during the day and considerable cold at night: a state of the atmosphere which 
is not only hurtful to. plants, but injurious to the human frame; we cannot there, 
fore expect to find, either in a wild or cultivated state, such plants as the Gut- 
tiferé, impatient of the least degree of cold; for even the mangoe, though flourish- 
ing as a tree and producing fine fruit, requires when young to be defended from 
- the cold by a covering of grass; the same may be said of the custard apple (Anona 
squamosa), of which indeed old plants are frequently killed by the cold of winter. 
The plantain, covered by sheathing petioles, is enabled to resist a greater degree of 
cold, and survive through the winter, while the more delicate Papaya is generally 
killed. The pine apple does not flourish, but the Agave is as vigorous as in more 
southern latitudes, and Pandanus odoratissimus is only kept alive in the shade of 
trees. The arboreous vegetation is the same as generally found in the plains of 
upper India, consisting almost entirely of Dicotyledonous trees, which lose their 
leaves in the cold weather as completely as trees in more northern climates. The 
Monocotylenous trees consist only of Phenix sylvestris, and of the almost stemless 
Phenix humilis. The most common trees are Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia Serissa, 
Arabica, and Farnesiana, Cedrela Toona, Butea frondosa, Aigle marmelos, Feronia 
elephantum, Nageia Putranjiva, and species of Mela, Ficus, Morus, Trophis, 
Bauhinia, Cordia, Gmelina, and Premna. Of shrubs, species of Zizyphus, Cap- 
paris, Carissa, Vitis, Vitex negundo, Buddleia Neemda, Guilandina Bonduc, and 
Crateva religiosa, The smaller herbaceous plants consist chiefly of species of 
Cassia, Hedysarea, Justicia, Barleria, several Cucurbitacee, Euphorbiacee, Sida, 
Carduus, Cirsium, Chondrilla, Ca@sulia, Cotula sternutatoria, Ocymum, Leucas, Cis- 
sampelos, Yallaris pergulana, Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Plumbago Zeylanica, 
Gisekia pharnacioides ; also of Corchorus, Achyranthes, Portulacca, Trianthema, Celsia, 
Trichodesma, Heliotropium, Boerhaavia, Aneilema, Aloe, Anthericum, Gloriosa superba ; 
Costus Nepalensis is the only one of the Scitaminee, which escapes to any distance 
from the hills, and Zeuzina sulcata the only orchideous plant found in the arid 
plains, and this is spread all over India, from Ceylon to Saharunpore. The bam- 
boo is only found in a cultivated state; the other gramina consist of Sporobolus, 
Polypogon, Eragrostis, Rottboellia, Saccharum, Andropogon, and Anthistiria, with 
species of Panicum, Paspalum and Elytrophorus. 
In the vicinity of water and in moist situations, many of the same plants, that are 
common in other parts of India in similar situations, are found here. Herpestis 
monniera, Gratiola Juncea, Hydrolea Zeylanica, Sphenoclea Zeylanica, Limnophila 
= atioloides, Jussiaa repens, Marsilea quadrifolia, together with species of Coir, 
Leersia, 
