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THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS. 9 
Leersia, Sagittaria, Pontedera and Butomus ; and with these along the edges of streams - 
we generally find species of Polygonum, Rumex and Tamarix, and as aquatics Nelumbium 
speciosum, Euryale JSerox, Damasonium Indicum, Trapa bispinosa, several species of 
Nymphea, Utricularia, Potamogeton, Lemna, one Typha and Vallisneria ; along with these 
Ranunculus sceleratus and aquatilis are found; the former in every part of India, 
but the latter I have only met with in the Northern provinces. Here we have a good 
instance of the equalizing effects of water in producing uniformity of temperature, for 
we have in one situation many of the same kind of plants which occur in more northern 
latitudes, as well as in the most southern parts of India. 
The plants hitherto enumerated are either those which, from being perennial, give the 
character to the Flora, or occurring in the rainy season, assimilate it more to that of 
tropical countries. But in the cold weather, or from November to March, when the 
temperature becomes low, and the ground as well as the atmosphere dry, species, gene- 
rally only single ones, of colder latitudes, elevated sites, or of European genera, make 
their appearance, as of Potentilla, Campanula, Arenaria, Spergula, Lithospermum, 
Tradescantia and Poa. The following plants appear to be identified with those found 
in northern latitudes; some have no doubt been spread with the Cerealia, others have 
crept down from the hills, or spread themselves from more northern latitudes: 
Malva rotundifolia, Veronica hederifolia, Fumaria Vaillanti, Anagallis cerulea, Sonchus 
oleraceus, Antirrhinum Orontium, Silene conoidea, Saponaria vaccaria, Avena fatua and 
Lolium temulentun; Verbena officinalis and Zapania nodiflora, more extensively diffused, 
are also found here; Peganum Harmaia is found a little to the north of the district near 
the Sutledge, and also in the vicinity of Agra, but it has probably been introduced 
into the latter, as its seeds still continue to be used in medicine by the natives of India. 
From the foregoing enumeration it is evident that, with the trifling exceptions men- 
tioned, there is great uniformity in the vegetation of different parts of the widely 
extended plains of India, as several of the plants found in the northern parts of the 
Continent are equally so in the southern parts of the Peninsula, as well as in the 
island of Ceylon, and some even, as enumerated by Mr. Brown, on the eastern coast 
of New Holland. Aloe perfoliata, Guilandina Bondue, and Gisekia pharnacioides, 
occur in Africa, as well as in every part of India; while species of Crateva are 
found in both, as well as in America. Lantana is generally considered an American 
genus; but there is no doubt that one, if not more species, are indigenous to 
India, as I have found it common in the north-western provinces, and Dr. Wallich 
in Rohilcund. He had also a species sent him from the Neelgherries; and L. nivea 
of Ventenat was also most likely obtained from the Peninsula, while Forskaol met with 
L. viburnoides in Arabia. Cactus Indicus, Roxvb., another plant common about Saha- 
runpore, and indeed over all India, is the only species, not only of the genus, 
but of the family found out of the New World; though Dr. Roxburgh has also a 
Cactus Chinensis, but it is doubtful whether the former may not have been introduced 
into India. 
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