10 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOTANY OF 
Having seen that both the climate and vegetation partake at different seasons of the 
year of the nature of both temperate and tropical parts of the world, we shall be less 
surprised at finding the cultivation likewise participating in this double nature, and the 
northern enjoying, like the southern parts of India, two crops during the year: the one 
called the khureef or rain crop, sown in May and June and reaped in October ; the 
other sown in October and reaped in March and April, called the rubbee crop. 
The latter, embracing the months which approximate in temperature to that of the 
seasons of cultivation im colder countries, corresponds with them also in the nature of 
the grains cultivated ; as, for instance, of gramina, wheat, barley, oats, and millet; of 
leguminous plants, peas, beans, vetch, tares, chick, and pigeon peas; of crucifere, 
species of Sinapis and allied genera cultivated for oil seeds ; and of the wmbellifere, the 
carrot, coriander, cummin, species of Ptychotis and Feniculum panmorium ; as well as 
of other tribes, tobacco, flax, safflower, and succory. Hemp exists in abundance in a 
wild state, but is only used for making an intoxicating drug. Almost all the esculent 
vegetables of European countries succeed remarkably well in the cold weather in India. 
In the rainy season a totally different set of plants engages the agriculturist’s atten- 
tion, as rice, cotton, indigo, maize; Holcus Sorghum, species of Panicum, Paspalum, 
and leusine ; of leguminous plants, species of Phaseolus and Dolichos ; many of the 
_ Cucurbitacee@, as well as Sesamum, and the species of Solanum for their esculent fruit. 
Ginger, turmeric, and pan, or betel leaf, do not extend quite so far to the northward. 
The Crotalaria juncea and Hibiscus cannabinus are every where cultivated for the purpose 
of yielding fibre for rope-making. 
As we have seen with perennials of other kinds, so it is with those yielding fruit of an 
edible nature; many, both of tropical and temperate climates, succeed nearly equally 
well in the northern parts of India; so that, taking the Saharunpore garden as an 
example, we have collected in one place, and naturalized in the open air, the various 
fruit-trees of very different countries, as. of India and China, Caubul, Europe, and 
America. 
Of those belonging to hot countries, we have the plantain, custard-apple, shaddock, 
orange, lemon, and guava, with the mangoe, tamarind, and others, which are common 
in every part of India. Of Chinese fruits, the Leechee, Loguat, Longan, Wampee, flat 
peach, and digitated citron, are perfectly naturalized. Of fruit-trees from more northern 
countries, as Caubul and Cashmere, and from the Hills or Europe, there are the almond , 
peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, pomegranate, grape vine, apple, pear, quince, mul- 
berry, fig, and walnut. Of useful trees of cold countries, which thrive in what is at 
some seasons so hot a climate, pines, oak, maple, dog-wood, service-tree, holly, 
juniper, and box. Of American trees, besides those first enumerated, the logwood, 
mahogany, Parkinsonia aculeata and Acer negundo may be instanced as perfectly 
naturalized. | : 
That to hope for success in the cultivation of a still greater number of the useful 
plants of other countries is not chimerical, is evident from the result which has already 
attended 
