‘ieee mene emery encanta eR 
THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS. 13 
(P. leuconotus) may be noticed as existing with the jungle fowl in these hills, and the 
woodcock is occasionally shot in the Doon in winter. 
According as we have seen to be the case in the plains of Upper India, so do the 
valleys at the foot of the Himalaya enjoy a climate and vegetation partaking at 
different seasons of both the temperate and torrid zones. At Deyra, elevated about 
two thousand feet, with a maximum and minimum temperature of 101° and 37°, 
where snow occasionally falls, we find many of the plants of Lower India more 
flourishing than in the neighbouring plains. As, for instance, Artocarpus integrifolia, 
Psidium pyriferum, and different kinds of limes and plantains. Rice, with many of 
the smaller grains, forms the chief cultivation, though wheat and barley are not 
neglected, but very little gram (Cicer arietinum) is cultivated. This difference in a 
cooler climate can only be ascribed to the greater moisture, as well as to the less 
free radiation which takes place during night in these valleys than in the open plains, 
As arboreous vegetation is characteristic of tropical countries, so we find in the 
doons or valleys at the foot of the Himalaya a profusion of trees, many of which are 
common in more southern parts of India; and arborescent species of genera, of which 
herbaceous ones are found in colder parts of the world, as of Terebinthacee, Seme- 
carpus anacardium, Buchanania latifolia, Spondias mangifera, Boswellia glabra, Garuga 
pinnata, Odina Wodier; of Leguminose, arborescent species of Cassia, Bauhinia, Dalber- 
gia, Pongamia; Bauhinia corymbosa and Robinia macrophylla exist as immense climbers, 
and the Acacia Catechu in great abundance, affording its extract as one of the articles 
of commerce; while Cathartocarpus fistula, Butea frondosa, and a species of Erythrina 
when in flower, form the great ornaments of the forest. Of Malvacee and Tiliacee, 
several species of JHibiscus and Grewia; Byttneriacee, species of Sterculia and. 
Kydia ; Aurantiacee, Murraya, Glycosmis and Citrus; Bombax heptaphylium, with its 
trunk supported by great buttresses. J/yrtacee, Eugenia and Careya ; Combretacee, 
species of Terminalia, Conocarpus and Pentaptera; species of Nauclea and Hymeno- 
dictyon, Rondeletia, with Coffea Bengalensis, and others exist as species of Rubiacee ; 
of arborescent Boraginee, species of Ehretia; and of Euphorbiaceae, Phyllanthus Em- 
blica, species of Rottlera, Briedeha, and frutescent species of Euphorbia; of Urticee, 
Artocarpus lacucha, numerous species of Ficus and of Trophis. Among the other 
trees worthy of notice Diospyros Embryopteris and Moringa pterygosperma may be 
mentioned, as well as the Saul or Shorea robusta, with its durable resinous wood, 
shining leaves, and showy clusters of flowers, forming in many places a forest 
extending for many miles without the interposition of any. other tree. Marlea 
begonifolia, Pogostemon plectranthoides, Panax odora, Psoralea corylifolia, Biophytum 
sensitivum, and Smithia sensitiva may be instanced as plants found in the most southern 
parts of India, and some even in Java. Of herbaceous plants the forms are also 
very tropical, consisting of species of Curcuma, Zingiber and Globba, as well as of 
Pothos, Piper and Begonia; Platanthera gigantea, and Saccolabium guttatum may be 
taken as specimens of the Orchidee. -Cyrtopera obtusa and flava, with Eulophia 
herbacea 
