e 
28 ee ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOTANY OF 
for cattle ; all proving the approximation in vegetation to that of European countries, as has 
been already indicated with regard to the climate by the testimony of so many travellers. 
The other genera of which species have been. brought down by the plant collectors are 
chiefly European, as Viola, Trollius, Dianthus, Mathiola, Cheiranthus, Draba, Capsella, 
Hypericum, Lythrum, Spirea, Rubus, Geum, Myricaria, Eryngium, Euphrasia, Salvia, 
Nepeta, Phlomis, Trifolium, Vicia, Orobus, Ononis, Medicago, Lactuca, Sonchus, Iris, 
Narcissus, and Crocus. The species which have been already identified with those of 
Europe are the following : Mentha viridis, Mentha arvensis, Mentha sylvestris, Hibiscus 
Trionum, Centaurea moschata, Hieracium sabaudum, Dianthus barbatus, Lychnis coro- 
naria, Myosotis palustris, Dactylis glomerata, Cucubalus baccifer. 
In the arboreous vegetation the same resemblance exists to the Flora of Europe : 
the Walnut, Aspen, Poplar, and Willow are, with the Oriental Plane, the most common 
trees. The fruit trees are so abundant as to be described by natives from India as 
constituting a jungle: they consist of the Apple, Pear, Peach, Quince, Cherry, Apricot, 
Pomegranate, Plum, Mulberry, Hazle, and Vine; while the drying of raisins, and 
the conversion of the grape into wine, would of themselves be sufficient to determine the 
temperate nature of the climate. With their fruit and saffron the northern merchants 
also bring down rhubarb and musk, which they procure from Tibet. The Salep is 
produced in the hills between Jumboo and Cashmere; specimens of the plant, with the 
root, leaves, and seed-vessel, but without flowers, were brought down, and appear to 
Dr. Lindley to belong to Eulophia ; and as I have no doubt of its being the plant which 
yields the salep of Indian commerce, I have ventured to call it Eulophia vera. Of 
animals we have few notices, but they may be supposed, from the specimens procured, 
to approximate to those of Europe and cold climates. The shawl-wool it is well 
‘known is procured from Tibet; but the merchants bring down the Chowry 
ox (Bos grunniens), large dogs, the Persian cat, broad-tailed sheep, and rams for 
fighting; as well as the blackbird, thrush, goldfinch (Carduelis caniceps), and.Carduelis 
spinoides. 
If we proceed to the soutiseeniads and take the valley of Nepal as an example, we 
shall have, with a great proportion of European forms, a greater mixture of tropical 
ones, and the prevalence of genera of which the greater number of species are found 
in more southern latitudes. 
The low hills which separate Nepal from the plains of India are themselves separated 
from the high mountains by vallies of considerable length, varying in elevation from 
three to six thousand feet; so that we may expect considerable difference in their 
respective temperatures and productions. The valley of Nepal proper is an oval of 
about sixteen miles in length, elevated about four thousand five hundred feet. That of 
‘Noakote, though more to the northward, is far less elevated, and therefore hotter in 
summer and milder in winter: its vegetable productions correspond, according to Dr. 
Wallich, with the lower parts of Nepal. The temperature of the latter is described by 
Mr. Hodgson as being generally from ten to fifteen degrees lower than that of India. 
From 
nace 
