74 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOTANY OF [ Violacee. 
ture capsules, figured by Rumphius, was a native of India. The plants grown from 
West-India seeds have rose-coloured flowers, and the immature seed-vessel red, and 
succeed remarkably well in India, as far north as 28 2°, in the Resident's garden at Delhi. 
I know not if any Arnotto has been obtained from the plants in Bengal, but the natives 
employ it as a temporary dye in the festival of Krishna. 
15. VIOLACEZ. 
The genus Viola, so well known from many of its species forming the favourites of the. 
flower-garden, is distributed’ throughout Europe and Siberia, as well as North America 
and the elevated parts of South America; it is found in every part of the Himalayas, at 
different elevations, as well as on the N eelgherries. About 17 Indian species have been 
named, but there is some confusion among them, and varieties have perhaps been raised 
to the rank of species: the only ones which have been hitherto figured are those in the 
present work. The species of the genus Jonidium, found in the warm parts of America, 
as well as at the Cape and in Madagascar, form also a part of the Flora of the plains of 
India; and it is worthy of remark, that the same species, I. suffruticosum, extends from 
the Peninsula up the Gangetic Valley, nearly as far as Delhi. Other species have been 
indicated, but they very much resemble one another. Pentaloba is the only genus of 
the tribe Alsodinee, which has been found in Asia; but as this does not extend beyond 
the island of Penang, it cannot be considered in the Flora of India, 
Many species of Viola and Ionidium, containing mucilage and emetine, have been used 
as demulcents and as substitutes for the true ipecacuanha. As the rootsof Viola odorata, 
canina and tricolor, are emetic, it is probable that those of some of the Himalayan species 
may possess similar properties. The whole plant of some of these in a dried state may 
be procured. in most Indian bazars, under the name bunufsa, being used in’ native 
medicine. Tonidium suffruticosum, we learn from Dr. Ainslie; is used in the Peninsula 
as a demulcent. It would be interesting to ascertain, if it do not contain emetine, like 
some of the American species; as I. Ipecacuanha, which yields the Poaya da praya, is 
used by the Brazilians, and also, in Cayenne; as a substitute for the true ipecacuanha. 
I. parviflora and I. Poaya are also in use for the samé purpose. 
1. Viola serpens (Wall.) pilosiuscula, caulibus prostratis stoloniferis, foliis ovato-cordatis acumi- 
natis, sinu. lato, auriculis rotundatis, stipulis lanceolatis dentatis, pedunculis foliis brevioribus, corolla 
resupinata, petalis duobus mediis barbatis, calcare brevi obtusissimo.— Wall. Fl. Ind, 2, p. 449. 1824. 
D.C. Prod. 1. p. 296—v. Tab. 18. fig. 1—Hab. Mussooree flowering in March. Nepal. Wall. The 
figure is taken from a drawing in the collection formed by Dr.Wallich, which has been placed in my 
hands by the Hon. the Court of Directors of the East-India Company. 
2, V. reniformis(Wall.), caule erectiusculo, foliis reniformibus serratis pubescentibus, inferioribus longe ; 
petiolatis, stipulis ovatis dentatis, sepalis linearibus acutis calcare subulato dimidio brevioribus,— 
Flores flavi suaveolentes,—Petalum inferius obovatum ceteris latius calcaratum.—Calcar tenue cylin- 
dricum calyce duplo longius.—Wall. Fl. Ind. 2. p. 451. ed. 1824,—Hab. This plant was first found by 
Dr. Wallich on Sheopore, and by myself on the Choor Mountain, flowering in both places in June: 
introduced into the Botanic Garden at Saharunpore, it flowered as early as the month of March.— 
The drawing, Tab. 18, fig. 2, and my specimens, agree very well with Dr. Wallich’s ful] original 
description ; but the specimens in the East-India Herbarium, No. 1443, are more fleshy, as well as. 
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