Rubiaceae.) THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS. 237 
the young shoots and leaves of Lonicera diversifolia, called dandoo, are used in medicine 
by the Hill people. | 
Lonicera bracteata ; foliis ovato-lanceolatis, superioribus oblongo-lanceolatis acutis, omnibus breve 
petiolatis pilosis, pedunculis bifloris axillaribus solitariis foliis subaequantibus, floribus nutantibus 
bracteis late foliaceis, corolle tubo basi zequali, baccis concretis oblongis junioribus glanduloso pilosis. 
v. Tab. 53. f.2.—a. Flower-buds half concealed by the bracts; 6. bracts spread out, and the flowers 
removed; c. corolla with the petals and stamens; d. stamens; e. berry surmounted by calyx. 
Hab. Shalma. The tumid joints and the branches proceeding from the centre of scaly buds, are 
remarkable in this plant, as well as the fructification. This should refer it to Xylostewm, distinguished 
from Caprifoliwm by Mr. Brown, but both genera have been merged in Lonicera by M. De Candolle. 
93. RUBIACEZ. 
The great family of Rubiacee is by some botanists separated into the two orders of 
Stellate and Cinchonacee ; which are certainly very closely allied to one another, but 
the separation is in some respects advisable, as they differ much in geographical distri- 
bution : the Cinchonacee being found in warm, and the Stedlate in cool climates, chiefly 
of the northern hemisphere. Of these, species of Asperula, Rubia, and Galium, extend 
from Europe along the Caucasus to the Himalayas; the two last occur also in both 
North and South America, Rubia at the Cape, and Galium in New Holland: the 
former extends also to the Burmese territories, and is found on the mountains of Java; 
Galium alone of the tribe occurs in the mountains of the Peninsula. The species of 
this genus which occur in the Himalayas and Kunawur, are numerous, and have a close 
resemblance to their European and Siberian congeners. Rubia cordifolia (Munjista, 
Roxb.), occurs in Siberia, Japan, and the Himalayas. R. aculeata is a new species 
from Kunawur, as is Asperula glauca, allied to A. cynanchica, from the same region. 
The plants of this tribe possess a slight degree of astringency; on which account 
some were and are still used in medicine. Of these, Galium is referred to in Persian 
works under the name galion. Rubia tinctorum, or madder, is the best known for a 
property (redness of the roots) possessed by many of this family, which renders them 
valuable as dyes. For this, R. cordifolia (R. Munjista, Roxb.) is used as a substitute 
in the East, and forms even an article of the export commerce to Europe, under the 
name of Munjeeth ; for this Fooh is given as the Arabic, and rodeen (cpuQpodavey?) as the 
Greek name. R. angustissima, from Tong dong, has also highly-coloured roots. 
The remainder of the Rubiacee have by Dr. Lindley been denominated Cinchonacee 
from the most important genus, and may be treated of together, as they chiefly occur 
in the tropical parts of the world, and have a northern or southern extension only 
according to local peculiarities of climate. Putoria occurs in the north of Africa and 
south of Europe, A Hedyotis in Carolina, and Pinckneya pubens in Georgia ; Burchelia, 
a Gardenia, Oldenlandia, and others, occur at the Cape of Good Hope; Psychotria, 
and a few others, in New Holland; but the most southern is Nertiera depressa, found 
in the Straits of Magalhaens. They abound in the warm parts of Asia, Africa, and 
America, as well ‘as in the tropical islands. They also prevail on the Andes of Peru 
and the mountains of Mexico; so are they found in India, on the Neelgherries, and 
other 
