238 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOTANY OF [ Rubiacee. 
other mountains of the Peninsula, but especially on those of Silhet, whence they 
extend northwards to Nepal, and along the foot of the mountains as far as the banks of 
the Jumna. A few also ascend them, to elevations even in this northern latitude, 
of 5,000 and 6,000 feet. 
The genera, which are chiefly prevalent in India, and more especially in its southern 
parts, are Nauclea, Hymenodictyon, Mussenda, Gardenia, Randia, Cupia, DC., Stylo- 
coryne, Petunga, Wendlandia, Ophiorrhiza, Argostemma, Deniella, Hedyotis, Oldeniandia, 
Morinda, Vangueria, Guettarda, Pederia, Canthium, Tvrora, Pavetta, Grumilea, Coffea, 
Psychotria, Geophila, Cephalanthus, Borreria, Spermacoce; Knovia, and Putoria. Of 
many of these, the greater number of the Indian species occur in the forests of Silhet 
(where are also found AZyrioneuron, Pleotheca, Androtropis, and Horsfieldia), and other 
southern districts, but the numbers increase as we approach the line; where, as of 
Urophyllum and Uncaria in Penang, &c. the greater number of species exist, with one 
or two only spreading north. Some of the above genera are common to India and Africa, 
as Grumilea, Kohautia, Nauclea ; others to the former and South America, as Mus- 
senda, Morinda, Geophila, Cephalanthus, and others ; while several are common to the 
three. Some are peculiar to the mountains, as Menestoria, DC., Hymenopogon, Wall., 
and a few new genera to the Peninsula of India. (v. Prod, Fl. Ind. Penins.) 
The species of these genera, which have the most northern extension, being common 
in the Doons and Kheree Pass and jungle, are Nauclea cordifolia and parvifolia, Hymeno- 
dictyon thyrsiflorum, Wendlandia cinerea, exserta and puberula, Randia uliginosa, longis- 
pina and dumetorum, Pavetta tomentosa and Ophiorrhiza Mungos, with some species of 
Hedyotis, Oldenlandia, and Spermacoce. Of these, some may be seen in the hot valleys 
in the interior of the hills, with Kohautia (Hedyotis, Wall.) gracilis. Coffea Bengalensis 
ascends elevations of 3,000 feet, and still higher a stunted species of Gardenia, 
(G. tetrasperma?) as well as Spermadictyon suaveolens and Leptodermis lanceolata, 
which do not appear to me to be generically distinct. 
During the moisture of the rainy season, some herbaceous Rudiacee make their 
appearance at 6,000 and 7,000 feet of elevation, as species of Oldenlandia, Hedyotis 
calycina, Borreria pusilla, Argostemma sarmentosum and verticillatum, Ophiorrhiza rugosa, 
Knoxia mollis ; and on trees we find Hymenopogon parasitica, which is also found with 
Luculia gratissima, on the mountains of Silhet; where species of Hymenodictyon (Cinchona, 
Roxb.) occur at their feet, and afford a set of interesting facts, as these are all nearly 
allied to the valuable medicinal genus Cinchona. 
The Stellate we have seen are noted for astringency, and for sigiding colouring setter: 
both these principles are afforded by the Cinchonacee. With respect to the last, as Rubia 
cordifolia, or the Munyeeth, yields a red dye in the hills, so Mforinda multiflora and. tinc- 
toria, called aa/ and ach, are cultivated in the plains of Northern and Central India, and 
Oldentandia umbellata in the Peninsula, for the red dye they respectively yield; so that 
india is, in its different parts, supplied with a similar principle by plants of this family. 
Morinda citrifolia, angustifolia, umbellata and ternifolia, are also similarly used in India, 
as 
