Rubiaceae J THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS... 239 
as M. Royoc is in the West-Indies. Rondeletia tinctoria, Hydrophylaxr maritima, and 
others, all possess similar properties. 
Many of the herbaceous exotics secrete the peculiar principle, called emetine ; as 
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, which yields the brown or true Ipecacuanha, and grows in the 
moist and shaded forests of Brazil and New Granada. Psychotria emetica, a small under- 
shrub, found in Peru and New Granada, affords the striated Ipecacuanha; P. herbacea 
supplies a substitute, as does Richardsonia Brasiliensis ; also R. rosea and scabra, and 
Spermacoce ferruginea and Poaya: showing the possession of similar properties by so 
many plants of the same natural family. 
In India, Randia (Posoqueria, Roxb.) dumetorum, called muenphul, with the Arabic 
synonyme of jouz-ool-kue, or emetic fruit, is used as an emetic by the natives of India. 
The fruit bruised and thrown into water, is said by Dr. Roxburgh to poison fish ; and 
Dr. Ainslie states, that an infusion of the bark of the root is given as a nauseating medi- 
cine in the south of India. Pederia fetida is also used there as an emetic. 
In some of these emetic, as in the dyeing roots, there are traces of tannin, a prin- 
ciple found in abundance in some of the arborescent Cinchonacee. Thus, Nauclea 
Gambir, a native of the Malayan Peninsula and Indian Archipelago, yields the very 
astringent principle, called gambecer, which in many parts of the East, is used for the same 
purposes as Catechu, and is thought by some European authors to be the true Kino. 
Tannin, it is well known, exists in abundance in the bark of the several species of the 
genus Cinchona. These also secrete the peculiar alcaloids, called quinia and cinchonia, 
principles not contained in the Erostemmas, once united with the Cinchonas, but which 
also differ from them in having their stamens projecting beyond the corolla; some of 
them, indeed, instead of tonics, act as emetics.. But others of this family, from the 
possession of astringent properties, are employed as substitutes for Peruvian bark, 
as Pinckneya pubens in Carolina, Portlandia hevandra in French Guiana, Rondeletia febri- 
fuga in Sierra Leone ; so also Macrocnemum corymbosum, Guettarda coccinea, Antirrhea 
verticillata, Morinda Royoc, and others. 
In India, Hymenodictyon excelsum, referred by Dr. Roxburgh to the genus Cinchona 
itself, has the inner coats of the bark bitter and astringent, and is used by the natives 
in medicine for the latter property, as well as for tanning leather. I know not if the 
other species of this genus are possessed of similar properties. 
The true Cinchonas extend, in Peru and Columbia, from the Line to 10° of N. and S. 
latitude, at elevations of from 3,000 to 8,000 feet on ramifications of the Andes, flower- 
ing from June to August. But the spurious species now referred to other genera, though 
extending further north, all require a warmer climate, since they are found at lower ele- 
vations; as the species of Buena, in Peru and Brazil; of Remigea, in Brazil; of Evos- 
temma, in Peru, Brazil, Mexico, and the West-India Islands ; and of Hymenodictyon, at 
the foot of mountains in India. Though the extent of distribution of the true Cinchonas 
has been pretty well ascertained, there is yet considerable obscurity respecting the 
species which yield the different officinal barks, owing partly to incomplete investigation, 
: but 
