240 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOTANY OF [ Rubiaceae. 
but chiefly to the natives uniting them according to physical properties, which vary even 
upon the same tree, according to age and exposure. 
The pale barks are generally considered to be produced by Cinchona Gotdainea, 
scrobiculata and lancifolia: the yellow barks by C. purpurea and C. pubescens, which 
includes C. cordifolia Mutis. ; and it is said even by the older branches of C. lancifolia, 
as well as other trees, which in their young state yield pale bark. The red barks are 
produced by C, magnifolia, which includes C. oblongifolia; but other species may also 
supply it. Of these, and many others, there are specimens in the splendid collection 
of the genus Cinchona, made in the neighbourhood of Loxa and Santa Fé, in 1805, now 
in the possession of Dr. A. T. Thomson, Professor of Materia Medica in the London 
University. | 
These Cinchonas occupy a belt of 20° of latitude, at elevations varying from 3,600 
_ to 9,000 feet on the Andes, and the principal species from 6,000 feet to the latter 
height, where the mean temperature of the year is about 59° and 62°, or equivalent to 
that of the Canaries and of Rome; but where the thermometer often sinks to the freezing 
point, though snow does not fall below 9,000 feet of elevation. There would appa- 
rently be no difficulty in finding suitable localities for the several species of this very 
important genus in India, where the seasons are similar, and the southern parts equally 
covered by mountains: as the Neelgherries, between 10° and 11° of N. latitude, and 
8,000 feet high, with a range of the thermometer of 43°, a mean temperature of about 
53°, and where no snow falls (v. p. 30.), or perhaps on the mountains of Chittagong 
and Silhet, as on Chirrapoonjee, in lat. 25° elevated 4286 feet, with a range of the 
thermometer of from 12° to 20° below that in the plains of Bengal (v. Journ. As. Soe. 
vol. 3.), and where Luculia (Cinchona, Wall.) gratissima is found in great luxuriance. 
Humboldt has remarked it as singular, that Condamine should have made the first 
and the last attempt to transport young Cinchona plants to Europe, which, after being 
conveyed for 1200 leagues down the river Amazons, and living for eight months, were 
destroyed by a wave, which washed over the boat near the mouth of the river to the 
north of Para. M. Feé has more recently recommended (Cours d’ Hist. Nat. Pharm. 
vol. il. p. 252) the investigation of the subject to his government, and the introduction 
of the Cinchona into the French colonies. 
The coffee, boon, and kuehwa of the Arabs, said by them to be the produce of Yemen, 
is aremarkable instance of a plant restricted in its distribution, becoming one of the 
most extensively-diffused of those which afford valuable articles of commerce, increasing 
the resources of the countries where it is grown, and improving the revenues of those 
into which it is introduced. From Arabia, the coffee-plant was first introduced. into 
Batavia, whence it was spread into the islands of the Indian Archipelago. The offsets 
of a plant presented to Louis XIV. from the hot-houses of Amsterdam, were transported 
to Martinique ; thence they have been diffused to the other West-India islands, a great | 
part of S. America, and the southern states of N. America. It is cultivated also on the 
western coast of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, and the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius. 
It 
