Synantheree.] THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS. 247 
Indian genus, allied to Cirsium; it is found in the Himalayas, in the plains, and in 
the Peninsula; while Carthamus oryacantha, referred by Mr. Don to Kentrophyllum, is _ 
also found on the western banks of the Jumna, as well as by Bieberstein, near the 
junction of the Kur and Aras rivers, and near the eastern base of Caucasus. 
In a cultivated state may be every where found Carthamus tinctorius, in the cold 
season ; but in the west of India, Colonel Sykes informs me, only C. flavescens, common 
also in Armenia. In gardens may be seen, in the same season, Amberboa odorata 
(Centaurea moschata, Auct.) introduced from Cashmere, as well as Calendula officinalis 
and Cynara Scolymus, or the artichoke, which, though introduced by Europeans, is also 
known by the Arabic name hurshuf. 
So the Cichoracee, which chiefly prevail in Europe, the Mediterranean region, and 
the temperate parts of Asia, occur in the Himalayas in considerable numbers ;- but only 
a few species are found in the plains of India, and these only during the cold season, 
as species of Lactuca (Prenanthes, Roxb.), and Sonchus oleraceus, arvensis, and eriopus, 
chiefly in the northern parts. Lactuca sativa is found in gardens, and known by the 
name kahoo ; while Cichorium Intybus appears also to have been introduced in conse- 
quence of its uses in medicine, as it is known by the Arabic name hindba, to which 
sarus (cepis) is given as the Greek synonyme, and kasnee owls as the Hindoostanee ; 
hence called Cichorium Cosnia by Dr. Hamilton. 
But in the Himalayas, we have species of Leontodon, Tragopogon, Scorzonera, Picris, 
Lactuca, Chondrilla, Taraxacum, Crepis, Sonchus, Hieracium, and Mulgedium. The last 
most numerous in species, some of which are highly ornamental, is also found in Ame- 
rica, as well as Leontodon and Lactuca. Scorzonera.and Crepis are only found in Kunawur, 
and a species of Picris, P. hispida, Don, on Peerpunjal; but a European species, 
P. hieracioides, is also found in the Himalaya, in Nepal, and in the Peninsula of India. 
Hieracium Sabaudum, Lin., a native of the south of Europe, is also found in Cashmere ; 
and in the Himalayas, other species, nearly allied to H. wmbellatum and murorum. 
The tribe of Mutisiacee, containing nearly forty genera, was long considered as being 
confined to South America and the Cape of Good Hope. But as we have frequently 
seen in many of the families, as the Rosacee, which prevail in greatest numbers in the 
Old, but have yet their representatives in the New World, so the tribe Mutisiacee, 
so numerous in Asia and Africa, exists only as isolated species in the Himalaya. 
Thus, Leucomeris spectabilis of Mr. Don, found in Nepal, and common in the Kheree 
Pass, has been referred by Lessing to the South American genus Gochnatia, and Chap- 
talia maxima of the same author, he has referred to Onoseris, having the same locality ; 
but the North American Chaptalia is represented by C. gossypina, figured in this work, 
and so closely resembling C. tomentosa, as scarcely to be separated from that genus. It is 
found at Mussooree, and similar elevations throughout Gurhwal and Sirmore, affording 
the Hill-people a tomentum on the under surface and petioles of its leaves, which they 
employ as tinder and amadou, as well as, it is said, for making a fine kind of cloth. 
To this tribe also belong Liatris latifolia and cordata of Mr. Don, formed into.a new 
genus 
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