Verbenacee. | THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS. 299 
several parts of India. Phryma is another American genus, which must in future 
be included in the Indian Flora, as the same species, P. leptostachya, exists in such 
widely-separated localities as N. America, and Mussooree and Simla, elevations of 
7,000 and 8,000 in the Himalayas. Verbena officinalis and Zapania nodiflora are 
found both in the plains and mountains; the former, common in Europe, occurs only 
in the cold weather in the plains, while the latter is common in New Holland, and 
different parts of America. Avicennia was first annexed by Mr. Brown to Myoporinee, 
but has since been restored by him to Verbenacee@. A. tomentosa is found on the coasts 
of India, New Holland, and of many of the islands ; also on the coast of Africa. It is 
the rack of Bruce, v. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holland. and Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 276. 
The species which extend to the most northern latitudes along the foot of the 
mountains, are Gyelina arborea, Premna mucronata, Callicarpa macrophylla, Cleroden- 
dron Siphonanthus, dentatum, and gratum ; the last of which appears to differ little from 
C. odoratum. Vitex trifolia is found in a cultivated state, and V. Negundo most common 
in the open plains of N. India; on the arid banks of the Jumna Clerodendron 
phlomoides, extending there through Bundlecund from the Indian Peninsula. Vitex 
Negundo and V. incisa are found at small elevations, as well as in the vallies within 
the mountains. Premna? pygm@a may be seen. in more exposed situations on the 
mountain-side. 
Many of the Verbenacee are possessed of slightly bitter, subastringent, and some of 
aromatic, properties. Verbena officinalis is employed medicinally in India, as formerly 
in Europe ; so Volkameria inermis, Clerodendron phlomoides, Premna integrifolia, Zapania 
nodiflora, and Callicarpa lanata are bitterish, and used, equally with others, — in 
Indian medicine. The last is also accounted sub-aromatic, as are several of the 
Lantanas ; L. pseudo-thea bemg employed as a substitute for tea in Brazil, while 
Aloysia (Verbena) triphylla displays this principle most fully developed in its sweet- 
scented leaves. The Premnas, on the contrary, are all fcetid; an acrid principle is 
secreted in the fruit of Viter Agnus Castus, formerly called piper agrestis, for which, in 
India, that of V. triphylla and Negundo are substituted,-and called fijfil burree (wild 
pepper): the leaves of both are much used in India for cataplasms and medicated baths. 
But timber is by far the most valuable product of the plants of this family. Vitex 
altissima and arborea, Premna mucronata, yield it of a hard and durable nature; as does 
Gmelina arborea, esteemed for its resemblance to Teak (v. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. p. 84), the 
most valuable of the family, perhaps, of the vegetable kingdom. This, known to 
botanists by the name TZectona grandis, is called tekka, teke, and sag or sagoon in 
different parts of India; its sub-astringent leaves are aptly compared to elephant’s 
ears. The teak is well known to be a native of Burma and Pegu, especially along the 
banks of the Irrawady ; alsoof Ava, Siam, and Java. The teak forests from which 
Bombay is chiefly supplied lie along the western face of the Malabar ghauts. Dr. 
Roxburgh describes it as also found on the mountainous parts of the Coromandel coast, 
and on the banks of the Godavery, above Rajamundry. From this, or from the western 
2a2 ghauts, 
