Amentacee.| THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS. 343 
Quercus is very extended, being found from the northern to the most southern parts, 
as the mountains of Silhet, Chittagong, Penang, and Taong Dong, and from moderate 
elevations (Q. incana, ban of the Hill people), to the limits of forest (Q. seme- 
carpifolia, khursoo.) The last species varies much in appearance, and as this is likewise 
observed in others, some reduction will take place in the number of Himalayan 
oaks at present enumerated. Corylus extends from Cashmere to Kemaon, and is found 
in shady forests on the shoulders of such mountains as Choor and Kedarkanta; with the 
same species, C. dacera, on all. Carpinus viminea occurs in Nepal, Kemaon, and on 
Mussooree at an elevation of 6,500 feet. Castanea having the most southern distri- 
bution in Europe, is that which extends less to the north in the Himalayas than the 
other genera. C.indica and tribuloides occur in Nepal and Silhet; other species in 
Goalpara, and as far south as Penang. It is remarkable, that so many of the Cupuli- 
Jereé having been found along the Himalaya, and even in the Malayan Islands, that not 
* one should be mentioned in books, or specimens exist in the E. I. Herbarium, from the 
mountains of the Indian Peninsula. 
Of Betulinee, Alnus having the distribution of the order in the northern hemisphere, 
and existing in moist situations, especially along the course of rivers, occurs in the 
Himalayas in similar localities. A. obtusifolia, nob., is very abundant on the banks of 
the Jumna and Tonse; A. elongata, nob., occurs in Cashmere; and A. nepalensis, in 
the valley from which it is named. Betula, on the contrary, occupies the loftiest 
situations in these, as in other mountains; which we might expect from its extending 
to the highest latitudes. B. Bhojputtra,Wall., the most useful and best-known species, 
_is found on Gossainthan, in Kemaon, on Choor and Kedarkanta. B. nitida and 
cylindrostachya occur with the former in Kemaon; the latter extends also to Manma and 
Dhunoultee. _B resinifera, nob., confined to Kunawur, with catkins resembling those 
of B. lutea, Mich., has leaves something like those of B. papyrifera. 
The Willows, diffused in distribution, are also multiform in habit; the species pecu- 
liar to the Himalayas are not found easier than others of discrimination. As they 
occur both in warm and cold parts of the world, so we have them both in the plains and 
mountains of India. Salix babylonica is common in gardens in Northern India, as is 
S. egyptiaca, while the polyandrous S. tetrasperma, Roxb., is found in the Kheree 
Pass, along the foot of the mountains, and in other hot parts of India, as Bengal and 
the Peninsula. A species of this genus,’ as we have seen, iscommon also on the Senegal. 
We know that a dwarfish willow (Salix arctica) extends to, and forms the only woody 
plant of high northern latitudes; so the diminutive §. Lindleyana, is found on the 
loftiest parts, or between 12,000 and 13,000 feet, of such mountains as Kedarkanta ; 
with Rhododendron lepidotum and anthopogon, the only other ligneous plants. S. hirta 
and rotundifolia, nob., from Kunawur, resemble, the former, S. hastata from Lapland, 
and the latter, S. polaris and S. herbacea. 
The Poplars are confined to the northern hemisphere: we find them flourishing on 
the Himalayas, only at considerable elevations. Populus ciliata, found in Kemaon, is 
common 
