Contfere.] THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS, 351 
Japan, and which has been referred to Schubertia (Taxodium) by Mr. Adolphe Brong- 
niart. These are found in Nepal, Kemaon, or such mountains as Choor, Kedarkanta, 
&c. The Juniper, as before observed, may be traced beyond the forest to the highest 
limits of shrubby vegetation. The European Juniperus communis was found by Capt. 
Webb on the Neetee Pass, (where it is called Bilhara, also pudma and pumaroa ;) and 
by Mr. Inglis in Kunawur. Here there is also another species, J. religiosa, nob. (and 
J.recurva?) called gogul by the natives, and employed for burning as incense in their 
religious ceremonies. The most common species, however, is J. sguamosa, occurring 
on such mountains as Choor and Kedarkanta, as high as 11,000 feet, as well as near 
Neetee, &c., and on Peer Punjal, as well as Gossainthan. In the last-mentioned 
place, J. vecurva is also found. As there is some difficulty in distinguishing the species, 
it is not easy to ascertain what kind is called Bastard, or Creeping Cedar, in contra- 
distinction to the Himalayan cedar-wood, Juniperus excelsa, found on Gossainthan, in 
Kemaon, and the confines of Tartary. This, in its foliage, resembles Cupressus toru- 
losa, specimens of which, indeed, are mixed with those of Juniperus excelsa, in the 
E.I.Herbarium. The former appears to be the plant called theloo by the natives, and 
seen by Huree Sing between Simla and Phagoo, near a small piece of water, and by 
Murdan Aly, a very intelligent plant collector, near Janghee ke Ghat, a high hill, to the 
southward of Rol. It is also found in Kemaon, near Neetee, Simla, and in Kunawur. 
The Conifer@ are not more remarkable for general correspondence in botanical charac- 
ters, than they are for resemblance in properties. The terebinthinate secretion, for 
which they are chiefly noted, abounds in the bark, but is also found in the wood and in 
the cones. Turpentine is composed of two parts, resin and essential oil, easily sepa- 
rable by evaporation of the latter. But the Conifere are chiefly valued for the timber 
they afford, forming an extensive branch of English commerce with Norway on one 
hand, and Canada on the other. The timber is known under the names of deal, fir, 
cedar, lignum vite. The pines on the N.W. coast of America are, perhaps, the most 
magnificent of any, but the Araucarias, Dammaras, and Dacrydiums, of the southern 
hemisphere, are also of gigantic dimensions. So, in the Himalayas, Cedrus Deodara 
attains a great height, and is sometimes thirty feet in circumference ; the wood is parti- 
cularly valued for its durability, and is therefore much used in the construction of 
Himalayan houses, as are also planks of Abies Pindrow. Pinus longifolia being found 
at the lowest elevations, and therefore most accessible from the plains, is often employed 
as a substitute for English deal. The wood is light, and being full of resinous matter, 
like that of the Deodar, both are frequently employed in the hills for making torches, 
as pieces of other species often are in other parts of the world. 
Turpentine is the next most important product to be noticed, and this is variously 
named, according to the tree or place producing it, as Common, Venice, Strasbourg, 
American, &c., or Canada Balsam, Balm of Gilead Turpentine ; so, in the Himalaya, 
Pinus longifolia exudes naturally, or yields to incisions a very fine turpentine, which is 
called gunda biroza in the bazars, biryje and cheer ke gond; Pers. birozehtur. This is 
. chiefly 
