Coniferee.] THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS. 353 
seca day in the East, where it is called suroo and shujrut-ul-hueyat, the < tree of 
life,” and its berries, as its leaves, thought to be a cure for every disease. Yew- 
leaves are also much employed in native medicine, under the names birmee and zurnub- 
burmee, for which purpose they are brought down from the hills, the produce both of 
1. baccata and T. nucifera, called thoono and tooner. 
Sandarach, a substitute for, or the sundroos of the Arabs, is produced by Cal- 
litris quadrivalvis (Thuja articulata, Desf.), roos of the Arabs, an inhabitant of the 
north of Africa, and there called arar. Juniperus communis and Oxycedrus are said 
to give an exudation resembling sandarach. African Olibanum, usually intermixed 
with some calc-spar, has been considered to be the produce of Juniperus Lycia, and 
also of Boswellia glabra. But it may be procured from some totally unknown plant, as 
African Bdellium, by the Terebinthaceous Heudelotia Africana, (Flore de Senegambie, i. 
p. 150. t. 39.) the Néotowt of Adanson, and which M. Richard has shewn, on the 
authority of M. Perrotet, to produce African Bdellium, Arch. de Bot. i. p.420. This 
fact ought to have been mentioned when noticing the Balsamodendron Agallocha, 
p- 176. 
In the foregoing observations on the old genus Pinus, the species have been named according to the 
division into the genera Pinus, Abies, and Cedrus ; but a still more extended subdivision is adopted by 
some authors; and even then, species of all these sections or genera, with one exception, are found 
in the Himalayas. Thus of Pinus—P. longifolia, Gerardiana, and eacelsa, with a varicty of P. 
Pinaster, commonly called P. Nepalensis, of which there is a specimen in the Garden of the Horti- 
cultural Society at Chiswick: to this probably belongs the cone lately brought from the portion of the 
Himalayas which bounds Assam, by the collector sent there by his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, and 
which is figured by Mr. Loudon in his very valuable Arboretum Brittanicum, p. 2236. Of Abies, or 
the Spruce Firs, there is P. Khutrow, v. Smithiana. The specimen in the Horticultural Society’s 
Garden is undoubtedly the former, and which I immediately recognized. Of Picea (Peuce, Don), P. 
Webbiana and Pindrow. Of true Larix, none; but of Cedrus, there is C. Deodara. For the following 
specific characters I am indebted to the kindness of Professor Don :— 
Pinus v. Abies Khutrow, Royle (Smithiana, Wall., ex Lambert et Don), foliis compresso-tetragonis 
rectis subulatis pungentibus, — strobilis ovato-oblongis: squamis obovato-rotundatis coriaceis rigidis 
margine levissimis, antherarum crista subrotunda erose crenulata.—Tab. 84. f.1. (@) male catkin; (6) 
anther; (c) scale of the cone; (d) seed. 
Hab. Choor, Simla, Huttoo, &c.; in Gurhwal, Sirmore, Bissehur, at elevations of from 7,000 to 
10,000 feet. . ° 
P. longifolia, foliis ternis pralongis tenuisissimis pendulis, vaginis persistentibus elongatis, strobilis 
ovato-oblongis : squamis apice elevatis crassis obtusis recurvis, seminibus ovalibus compressis.—Strobili 
5-7-pollicares, crassitie minores.—Tab. 85. f.1. Branch with a male catkin and young cone; (qa) scale 
of cone, with ripe seeds; (be) scales of cone, with seeds in a young state; (d) seed cut transversely ; 
(e) the same cut vertically ; (f) freed of its integuments; (g) embryo. 
- Hab. Entrance to Nepal and to Almora; in the Kheree Pass, at an elevation of 2,000 feet ; on 
banks of Tonse and Jumna; also on Budraj and near Simla, &c. at elevations of 5,000 and 6,000 feet. 
P. Gerardiana, foliis ternis abbreviatis, vaginis deciduis, strobilis ovato-oblongis : squamarum apicibus 
crassis obtusis recurvatis, seminibus oblongis teretiusculis: ala abbreviaté.—Strobili 9-10-pollicares, 
crassitie majores——Tab, 85. fig. 2. Branch, with young cone and male catkins; (a) male catkin; 
(6) anther seen from below; (c) ditto from above; (d) the same seen laterally ; (d) seed; (e) cut 
transversely ; (g) cut vertically ; (4) the embryo. 
Hab. Banks of. the Sutle} beyond Rampore, on the northern face of the Himalayas, from 5,000 to 
10,000 feet of elevation. 
372 Pinus 
