408 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOTANY OF [ Pandanacee. 
S. angustifolium, occurs both in N. America and in New Holland). It had not hitherto 
been found within the limits of the Indian Flora; but my friend, Dr. Falconer, writes 
me that he has found a species in Cashmere, whigh he has named S. carinatum. 
The pollen of Typha being abundant, is collected and made use of as an application 
to ulcers. Mr. Salisbury recommends the leaves of Typha latifolia as a substitute for 
rushes, in making matting, baskets, &c., those of TZ. elephantina (putera), and of 
T. angustifolia (reree), are employed in Northern India for making mats. 
191. PANDANACE. 
The Pandanacee, or Screw-pine tribe, have been well described by Dr. Lindley, as 
having the aspect of gigantic Bromelias, and bearing the flowers of Sparganium, hence 
they are often combined with Zyphacee. Mr. Brown has remarked, that they have 
no affinity with Palms beyond their arborescent stems. Pandanacee are remarkable for 
their dichotomous branching, as well as for the spiral arrangement of their leaves, 
whence their English name. The order includes the genera, Pandanus and Freycinetia, 
to which the American intratropical Cyclanthee and the Peruvian Phytelephas, with the 
Asiatic Palm-like Nipa, have been added by Endlicher as allied genera. Species of 
Pandanus are found in the southern parts of India, as P.furcatus in Malabar and 
Chittagong, extending from the latter place to Pegu, while P. fetidus is common in 
Bengal, near Calcutta. P. odoratissimus is the best known species, but being so much 
esteemed and cultivated by Asiatics, it is difficult to ascertain where it is indigenous ; 
it is universally diffused in the Indian islands, in China and Arabia, also in gardens 
in every part of India, but it occurs most abundantly and apparently wild in the 
southern parts, as in the Peninsula of India, where it is called the Kaldera bush. 
A knowledge of the uses of Pandanace@ is derived in a great measure from Pandanus 
odoratissimus, but other species must be available for the purposes for which this is 
employed, as for hedges, though it takes up much room. The terminal bud, as is the 
case with that of some of the Palms, is eaten under the name of cabbage; the 
_ tender white base of the leaves is also eaten raw, or boiled, during famines. The leaves 
are composed of tough longitudinal fibres, white and glossy, which enables them to be 
employed for covering huts, making matting, as well as for cordage in the S. Sea 
Islands, and in Mauritius, for making sacks for coffee, sugar, and grain (v. Fl. Ind. iii. 
p- 741); matting, as well as the common kind of umbrellas, are made of them in the 
Peninsula of India. The branches being soft, spongy and juicy, are eaten by cattle 
when cut into small pieces; the fusiform roots are composed of tough fibres, which 
basket-makers split and use to tie their work with; they are also so soft and spongy, as 
to serve the natives for corks. 
_ Pandanus odoratissimus, derives its specific name and its great celebrity among 
Asiatics, and especially the Sanscrit poets, from the rich and powerful fragrance of its 
flowers; Dr. Roxburgh states, that it is the tender white leaves of the flowers, chiefly 
those of the male, that yield that most delightful fragrance, for which they are so 
universally 
