XXX CLASSIFICATION OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
membranous sacs (antheridia), which are axillary 
or crowded at the tips of the branchlets, and con- 
tain spermatozoa. (p. 878). 
CIX. Jungermanniez. Plants allcellular, usu- 
ally with the habit of Musci, but often forming flat 
continuous fronds with a stout midrib. Leaves 
without a midrib, usually distichous or recurved, 
entire, 2- or more lobed. Fructification of 2 kinds, 
as in Musci, but the capsules are split from the 
top to the base into 4 diverging valves, and the 
spores are mixed. (p. 404). 
CX. Marchantieze.  Leafless, wholly cellular 
ey consisting of broad, green, rather thick flat 
obed fronds, with or without midrib, closely ap- 
pressed to the ground, and emitting rootlets from 
the under surface; cuticle porous. Fructification 
of 2 kinds; 1, capsules, usually symmetrically dis- 
posed on the under side of a peltate peduncled re- 
ceptacle, which rises from the edge of the frond 
(rarely solitary or sessile), and contains spores 
mixed with spiral filaments; 2, antheridia con- 
tained in sessile or peduncled, peltate or discoid re- 
ceptacles. (p. 419). 
Suscrass II. THALLOGENS. 
Plants usually without a distinct leafy stem, formedof 
a flattened or cylindrical, dichotomously branched 
or variously formed frond or thallus, or composed 
of articulated threads or simple cells variously 
disposed; vascular or spiral tissue O or extremely 
rare. Fructification imbedded in the substance of 
the thallus, very various. 
CXI. Lichenes. Perennial, coriaceous or 
rigid crustaceous plants, all terrestrial, consisting 
of a thallus which is erect or appressed to the 
ground, or to rocks or trees, often reduced to 
mere scales or a powdery crust; substance al- 
ways very dense, cellular externally, filamentous in- 
ternally. Fructification of 4 kinds; 1, septate 
spores contained in tubes (asci) which are usually 
collected into hard peltate disks or shields, formed 
of the upper surface of the thallus, but sometimes 
imbedded in cracks of the thallus; 2, spermo- 
gones or small sacs containing spermatia (sup- 
posed to be a form of spermatozoa) ; 8, pyenides, 
obscure organs, giving origin to spore-like bodies 
at the tips; 4, gonidia or globose spore-like bodies, 
imbedded in the filamentous substance of the thal- 
lus, and sometimes breaking through the cortical 
substance and forming powdery masses called 
soredia and cyphellx. (p.419). 
CXII. Fungi. Cellular, terrestrial or epi- 
phytic or parasitic plants, presenting an infinite 
variety of form, but never forming flat crusts or 
foliaceous expansions, as the Lichenes and Alge; 
frequently existing on animal matter and on living 
or dead foliage, often ephemeral, variously coloured, 
rarely green. Substance consisting of a congeries 
of cells or cellular filaments, usually soft or succu- 
lent, never containing gonidia. Fructification of 
microscopic spores attached to the outer cellular 
surface or seated on the top of peculiar cells, or 
contained in asci, as in Lichenes. (p. 421). 
