70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 
hybrid tea types were all winter killed, only the rambler 
type surviving (“Lady Gay”). The usual protection of 
10-12 inches of soil around each plant, as well as an addi- 
tional mulch of manure, failed to save many of the teas and 
hybrid teas, particularly such yellow and orange varieties 
as “Mrs, Aaron Ward,” “Duchess of Wellington,” “Madame 
Ravary,” “Melanie Soupert,” “Sunburst,” and “Harry 
Kirk.” And even more hardy varieties were killed to the 
ground, including the popular “Gruss an Teplitz,” which 
has always been considered extremely resistant to cold. The 
hybrid perpetuals wintered without injury, being killed back 
to about where they would naturally be pruned in the spring. 
The polyanthas and the Bourbons also survived, thoug. 
severe pruning was required to remove all the dead wood. 
Among the rugosa types the usually hardy “Conrad F. 
Meyer” was killed to the ground, while Rosa rugosa alba 
suffered somewhat lesser injuries. The type R. rugosa, as 
well as R. blanda, R. setigera, R. multiflora, etc., showed no 
deleterious effects of the winter. 
The evergreens, as a group, suffered severely, due to the 
combination of extreme cold and accompanying increase of 
coal gases in the atmosphere. The arborvitaes (Thuya), 
junipers (Juniperus), hemlocks (Tsuga), and Pinus mon- 
tana sustained the greatest injuries. 
_ Among the broad-leaved trees Magnolia grandiflora (bull 
magnolia) and Broussonetia papyrifera (paper ge ell 2 
were affected quite seriously. The specimens of Magnolia 
grandiflora, newly set out, despite a heavy protection of 
straw and burlap, showed a complete death of lcagihan: the 
trunk itself, however, containing sufficient life to push out 
adventitious buds which may ultimately result in establish- 
ing the trees. The fact that they were not thoroughly ac- 
climated before the coming of such a severe winter is prob- 
ably responsible for the great injury. Broussonetia papy- 
rifera trees were killed half way to the ground, necessitat- 
ing severe pruning. White birch (Betula alba) and Pau- 
lownia tomentosa have died back, forming misshapen speci- 
mens, 
The following table indicates the shrubs affected and the 
extent of the injury: 
Botanical Name Common Name Injury 
Amorpha fruticosa False indigo Half way killed 
Aralia spinosa Hercules club Slight 
Callicarpa purpurea French mulberry Dead 
Calycanthus floridus Allspice Slight 
Cephalanthus occidentalis Button bush Slight 
Deutzia scabra Killed to ground 
