110 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
Lingua and Superlingue. 
Not until Stage 3 are the fundaments of the superlingue (“ para- 
gloss ” of some authors) observed ; then a ventral aspect of the germ 
band (Plate 3, Figure 11) reveals two small papille (sw’/ng.) between 
the mandibles with their centres slightly more anterior than those of 
the mandibles. Although each small papilla is adjacent or contiguous 
to the mandibular fundament of the same side, it originates quite inde- 
pendently ; in other words, it is not the inner branch of a biramous ap- 
pendage, but a distinct ectodermal evagination, as transections of the 
germ band (Plate 4, Figure 23, sw’Ing.) prove. 
At Stage 4 (Plate 3, Fig. 12, sw’lng.) the superlingual fundaments 
are longer and stouter than before, and have moved back slightly in re- 
lation to the mandibles.until nearly opposite them. 
At Stage 5 the centres of the superlinguz (Plate 3, Figure 21, sw’ Ing.) 
are behind those of the mandibles, and in cross-sections (Plate 4, Figure 
23) the former structures are seen to have exceeded the latter in rate 
of elongation. The long axes of the superlingue now diverge anteriorly 
from the median plane and the apices are partly under the mandibles, 
as in the adult, though the bases retain nearly their original positions in 
relation to the bases of the mandibles. During this stage is seen the 
first trace of the lingua (the “ligula,” or “hypopharynx” of some 
authors), as a slight, median, unpaired, oval, ectodermal evagination 
(Plate 3, Figure 21, dng.) between the first maxilla. This is the last of 
the oral fundaments to make its appearance. 
In Stages 6 and 7 the lingua becomes longer and stouter, and, as 
seen in a ventral view of the germ band (Plate 5, Figure 30, Ing.), its 
cross-section is rounded-triangular with its anterior median angle intrud- 
ing between the two superlinguze. Sections show that the lingua and 
superlingue have swung forward from their former positions at right 
angles to the germ band, and that the lingual and superlingual cavities 
are separately confluent with the general body cavity of the head. In 
the region of confluence a common cavity —a prolongation of the body 
cavity —is formed by a median evagination of the germ band itself. 
In Apterygota the superlinguz, however, never become appendages of 
the lingua. 
In ventral aspect, the lingua at Stage 7 (Plate 4, Figure 27 ; Plate 5, 
Figure 29) is cuneate with rounded apex, and, a little later (Plate 4, 
Figure 25, Ing.) becomes constricted distally, forming a terminal Jobe. 
In Stage 8 the lateral surfaces (Plate 5, Figure 34) become concave, 
