118 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
Zunge,’ for Lysiopetalum and Craspedosoma respectively, as well as 
two lateral lobes, or “‘ Zungenlappen ” (lobi linguales). These structures, 
although united with the gnathochilarium, are probably homologous 
with the separated lingua and superlingue of Apterygota, but, in the 
absence of the necessary embryological] investigations, that is all that 
may be aid. 
In the Chilopoda no structure analogons to the hypopharynx appears 
to be known. 
The “superlinguz ” of insects are homologous with the first maxille 
of Crustacea. In Anurida I have found (Plate 4, Figure 28, su’lng.) a 
distinct primitive ganglion — the fifth — for the superlingue, represent- 
ing the fifth, or first maxillary, ganglion of decapod Crustacea. This 
ganglion is eventually incorporated with the subcesophageal ganglion, 
and no superlingual nerves develop. Moreover, the superlingue origi- 
nate between the mandibles and so-called “ first maxille” of Anurida. 
The superlingnal fundaments, however, never become biramous — an 
exopodite or palpus does not appear —and are not segmented, like the 
Crustacean first maxille. In fact, they are much reduced structurally 
and functionally in Apterygota, and gradually reduced to disappearance 
in ascending the Pterygote scale. 
Hansen (93) regarded the superlingue +_ or “ maxillule,” as he termed 
them — from their position, as equivalent to the Crustacean first maxilla, 
emphasizing the opinion of v. Stummer-Traunfels (91) that the super- 
linguz bore palpi. The latter argument cannot be used, however, be- 
cause, as I show (p. 121), the palpi in question belong to the “ first 
maxille.” 
The lingua, usually termed “hypopharynx ” among insects, may easily 
be homologized with the hypopharynx of Malacostraca. It originates 
quite independently of the superlinguz as a median, unpaired papilla, is 
not supplied with a primitive ganglion or distinct nerves, and can no 
more be regarded as a distinct segment than can the labrum. In 
Orchesella and Anurida it finally becomes distinctly bilobed by a median 
groove, but the bilateral condition is clearly secondary. Packard’s evi- 
dence (’98, pp. 82-83) that the hypopharynx is “composed of, or sup- 
ported by, two bilaterally symmetrical styles both in Myriapods and in 
insects” has little weight, in view of what I have found to be the devel- 
opment of these “ lingual stalks.” 
The hypopharynx of insects, then, is a compound structure, the com- 
ponents of which originate independently. The median ventral lingua, 
like the labrum, does not represent a pair of appendages; the dorso- 
