132 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
Muhr (77, p. 9) and by Schaum (’61, p. 84). In Anurida the whole gular 
region, excepting the terminal lobes and palpi, represents the undifferen- 
tiated gula, submentum, mentum, and palpifers; therefore the gula in 
Orthoptera may be regarded as the united cardines, and the submentum, 
mentum, and palpifers, as stipal derivatives. It will be seen that my view 
differs from those accepted and defended by Packard (’98, p. 69) and 
others; but it is supported by embryological evidence, while the other 
views are not. It may safely be predicted that the apparently unpaired 
gula of Orthoptera will be shown to originate from paired fundaments, 
as I have found it to do in Anurida. 
If these homologies between Collembola, Thysanura, and Orthoptera 
are accepted, their extension from the last group to other Pterygote 
orders is not difficult, even though the desirable emibryoleen verifica- 
tions are still wanting. 
There is an unfortunate confusion of terminology regarding the mouth- 
parts of insects. The homologies are much obscured, but less by the 
use of different terms for homologous parts, than by the use of the same 
name for parts which are not homologous. “ Paraglosse” and “ligula” 
are cases in point. To most entomologists “ 
ently the labial lobes homodynamie with the gale and the laciniz of 
the first maxillee, or else mean the galeal lobes alone, while “ ligula ” 
“olossa’”’ signifies the lacinial lobes, often more or less fused into a 
median organ; in fact, “ligula” is often used synonymously with 
“labium ” in reference to many Coleoptera (Le Conte and Horn, ’83, 
p- xviii). “Ligula,” however, is often made a synonym of “lingua” 
(Packard, ’98, p. 68), and the latter term, of “hypopharynx.” In my 
opinion, the term “lingua” should be restricted to the median, un- 
paired constituent of the hypopharynx ; for the “ hypopharynx ” of cer- 
tain insects often bears two dorso-lateral lobes which in more generalized 
insects are not only free from the lingua, but quite distinct from it in 
origin (as proved by myself in Anurida and by Uzel in Campodea), and 
these dorso-lateral appendages are most frequently called “ paraglossz,” 
upon assumptions which are not sustained by embryology, as I shall 
presently show. = 
As the terms “ paraglosse ” and “ ligula,” or “ glossa,” are irremoy- 
ably fixed, as applied to labial structures, they should not be used for 
anything else. It is both unnecessary and impossible to displace the 
term “hypopharynx,” but it is necessary to recognize the overlooked 
fact that the “ hypopharynx” is frequently a compound organ, to the 
ventral and median component of which the term “lingua” may weil 
paraglossee ” mean indiffer- 
9 
