40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 
early spraying should be sufficient for a season. _If cater- 
pillars appear after the leaves have come out, it will be nec- 
essary to spray again with a poison, such as Paris green or 
arsenate of lead. 
In the care of woody plants it is further important that 
the soil beneath the trees and shrubbery be dressed with 
manure, and the latter spaded in. This is not always pos- 
sible in the case of trees on the lawn, but all shrubbery 
borders should be so treated in the spring, and furthermore 
the soil of these should be kept well tilled, or cultivated, 
throughout the summer. 
Perennials—Such plants as phlox, golden. glow, golden 
rod, and asters, which grow from roots, bulbs, or root-stocks 
that remain dormant in the soil during the winter, are known 
as perennials. There exists considerable disagreement as to 
the best time for moving and rearranging plants of this 
class, i. e., whether it should be done in the fall or spring. 
However, if the work is not delayed too long in the spring, 
there is not much choice, and shifts may be made at either 
season. Perennials, when healthy, become crowded and 
overgrown, and when this condition arises they should be 
dug and divided into smaller clumps. The soil should be 
spaded deeply, enriched with manure, and the plants reset, 
allowing sufficient space between individuals to obviate the 
necessity of again shifting them within the next two or three 
years. Perennials, as a rule, unless very carefully handled, 
are likely to bloom less profusely the first season after shift- 
ing, but in subsequent years the increased flower production 
will usually more than compensate for the loss sustained 
during the first season. All old growth of perennials should 
be removed before the new spring growth begins, and if 
the plants have been covered with a mulch of straw or 
manure during the winter this should be removed and the 
ground between the plants thoroughly spaded. 
Annuals.—Seed beds for annuals to be planted in the 
spring should be spaded and enriched by the addition of 
manure. Whether geraniums or some delicate annual 
plants are to be used, the soil should be in good tilth before 
planting. In this connection, it should be noted that the 
florist is accustomed to speak of all bedding plants as annuals, 
because they are used as such. Cannas and geraniums are 
of perennial habit, yet a are treated as annuals; and this 
is true of a great many of the tropical plants used for bed- 
ding purposes. 
Much time may be saved by ordering seeds early, and if 
these are started in the house in eae Ba boxes or flower 
