30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 
ing artisans and artists, to Eng- 
land. On the other hand, travel- 
ing on the Continent was popular 
among the wealthier classes, 
and comparatively safe. Con- 
sequently, many foreign ideas 
were introduced, especially those 
of the Renaissance, and the style 
of architecture began to change 
from the Gothic to the more 
classical English Renaissance, re- 
sulting in what is now known as 
the Elizabethan style. The in- 
fluence of these changes was soon 
felt in the garden which com- 
bined ideas of the Tudor period 
with those obtained from abroad. 
This fusion of ideas happily re- 
sulted in a style purely national, 
much better adapted to England than a strict adherence to 
the gardens of any other country. Some of the principal 
Tudor features that remained were the railed flower bed, the 
mount, topiary work, hedges, simple knots and arbors, 
pleached alleys, arched galleries, walls, and trellised fences. 
Europe contributed the terrace, the fountain, the labyrinth 
or maze, and the more elaborate arbor and parterre, while 
architecture and sculpture became more common in gardens 
through foreign influence. 
It should perhaps be men- 
tioned first that the ideal Eliza- 
bethan garden was square, or, if 
oblong, divided into square parts. 
The building, with its wings and 
forecourt, dominated the design, 
the balustraded terraces which 
formed the connecting link be- 
tween house and garden, drop- 
ping to the garden grade by 
means of a grassy slope, or a 
brick or stone retaining wall. 
The walks, called “forthrights,” 
made of sand, gravel, or turf, 
were straight and very broad. 
“Covert” alleys at the sides were 
very popular, sometimes formed 
by vines on arched trellises, and 
sometimes by pleached alleys, the 
