38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 
Below are given the titles of a few of the more important 
books -pertaining to flowers and plants mentioned by 
Shakespeare : 
Ellacombe, Henry N. The plant-lore and garden-craft of 
Shakespeare. Exeter, 1878. 
Foxton, W. Shakespeare garden and wayside flowers. With 
appropriate quotations for every flower. London, 1914. 
Giraud, I. E. The flowers of Shakespeare. Faversham, 1846. 
A collection of lithographed and hand-colored plates, 
most of which are signed I. E. G., bearing quotations | 
from Shakespeare. To be shown in the arbor of the 
Shakespearean garden. 
Grindon, Leo H.. The Shakspere flora. Manchester and 
London, 1883. <A guide to all the principal passages 
in which mention is made of trees, plants, flowers, and 
vegetable productions; with comments and_ botanical 
particulars. 
MacBride, Thomas H. The botany of Shakespeare. Daven- 
port, lowa, 1899. 
NATURAL GRAFTS 
Grafting, in the horticultural sense, is an art which has 
been handed down from antiquity. The operation consists 
essentially in closely joining two cut surfaces of one or differ- 
ent plants, so that, under proper conditions, the parts will 
unite and continue to grow. That part which, by means of 
its roots, supplies the nutrients for growth, is known as the 
stock, and that which is inserted into, or brought in contact 
with the stock, is called the scion. 
Just when the art of grafting was discovered is not certain. 
_ That it was well known and practiced by the Romans is shown 
by references in the classical literature. As was commonly 
the case, however, the art was closely bound with tradition 
and superstition, and statements appear that are not founded 
upon fact. It is now well established that, in general, graft- 
ing is possible only between members of the same or closely 
related species or genera of plants. Nevertheless, in the writ- 
ings of Columella one finds the statement that the olive may 
be ober upon the fig tree. Pliny speaks of a tree in the 
arden of Lucullus which was ted to bear pears, apples, 
gs, plums, olives, almonds, and grapes; and Virgil says: 
“But thou shalt lend 3 
Grafts of rude arbute unto the walnut tree, 
Shalt bid the unfruitful plane sound apples bear, 
Chestnuts the beech, the ash blow white with the pear, 
And under the elm the sow on acorns fare.” 
