144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 
season, which gives rise to a flowering stem next season. A 
crown or pip is a detachable part of the rhizome bearing a 
prominent bud and roots, the lily-of-the-valley being an illus- 
tration of this class. 
In addition to the above classification, the “bulbs” may be 
grouped into hardy, chiefly spring-blooming, and tender, 
summer-blooming. In the first ee are placed crocus 
(Crocus vernus), glory of the snow (Chionodoxa Luciliae), 
crown imperial (Fritillaria Imperialis), daffodils (Nareas- 
sus sp.), hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis), ixia (Ixia macu- 
lata), lilies (Lilium sp.), lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria ma- 
jalis), montbretia (Tritonia Pottsii), snowdrop (Galanthus 
mivahs), squill (Scilla sibirica), tulip (Tulipa suaveolens 
and 7’. Gesneriana). Of these, the hyacinth and the lilies 
are not strictly hardy. In the second group are found canna 
ome indica hybrids), Dahlia coccinea, and gladiolus 
ybrids. 
The growing of bulbs for market is done chiefly in Hol- 
land, on account of the favorable climatic and soil conditions 
and cheapness of labor. However, the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture is trying out bulb growing in this 
country, chiefly in the State of Washington, with very suc- 
cessful results. A light, sandy, fine-grained soil and period- 
ical rains are the ideal conditions. 
The methods of propagation of bulbs are diverse and de- 
_ pendent upon their structure and reproduction. Seed pro- 
——— is rarely resorted to except when new varieties are 
esired, as the mixed hybrid origin of many of the varieties 
and the constant mixing through the insect cross pollina- 
tion of the flowers make the results uncertain. The bulbs 
and corms have a natural tendency to reproduce by means 
of offsets, and in commercial pro agation this method is fol- 
lowed with lilies, tulips, daffodils, gladioli, ete. The hya- 
cinths normally produce very few offsets or “slabs,” so that 
artificial means are employed of “scoring” and “scooping. 
For “scooping,” large, healthy hyacinth bulbs are selected — 
in July and the base scooped out with a curved knife or a 
special machine manufactured for the purpose, so as to 
expose the scales just above where they unite with the base. 
This destroys the growing point, and the strength of the bulb 
is thrown into the production of small bulblets at the cut 
surface. After scooping the bulbs are placed upon trays 
and set in the sun for a day to allow the Fectity cut surfaces 
to dry. They are then removed to a shed where a tempera- 
ture of 75-90° is maintained, and in a few weeks the scales 
separate, callus, and produce new bulblets. In October the 
