Subproject: Site Development (SP-6) 



Disturbing Activity: Line construction and installation 



Direct coastal waterfront access is not a requirement for refineries. 

 When they are built inland, major site development activities, such as 

 leveling and filling, road construction, and cable and pipeline laying, are 

 presumed to have minimum potential for adverse effects except where water- 

 courses and ecologically vital areas, including endangered species habitats, 

 are involved. In such cases it is necessary to take all appropriate 

 precautions. Provisions must be made for appropriate disposal of surplus 

 excavated materials. 



During site development, provisions must be made for underground 

 utilities and for a stormwater collection system. This is especially 

 important for a refinery because of the potential for toxic substances in 

 runoff. 



Subproject: Roadways and bridges (SP-8) 



Disturbing Activity: Roadway design 



In general, rail access and pipeline and barge transport are very 

 important to refinery operations. Highways are used primarily for supplies, 

 light freight, and commuter traffic. Chemicals and other miscellaneous 

 supplies, such as sulfuric acid, inert gases, and dyes, may be delivered by 

 truck, but more often by barge or rail. Refinery products move in rail tank 

 cars, barges, and pipelines to redistribution terminals for delivery to 

 consumers. Trucks may supply refinery products to the immediate local 

 market area. Provisions may be possible to ameliorate rail and roadway noise, 



Subproject: Groundwater Supply (SP-9) 



Disturbing Activity: Groundwater withdrawal 



Total refinery water usage varies greatly, depending upon production 

 rate, type of processing units, and water use efficiency, including the 

 type of cooling system and recycling practices (Table 13). For example, 

 the Gulf Oil Alliance Refinery, with a rated capacity of 200,000 B/D, 

 cycles 28 MMGD for cooling purposes; however, only some of the cycled 

 water is consumed. Evaporation at the Alliance Refinery, for example, 

 is 4 MMGD [7]. 



The amount of water lost must be "made-up" to maintain constant water 

 volumes. Refineries can reduce water consumption by adopting water 

 recycling methods, such as the use of wash water for dilution purposes, 

 clean condensate water for boiler feed, and secondary treatment water for 

 cooling water purposes. Consumption of fresh water may be reduced at 

 coastal sites by using salt water for cooling. Otherwise, large volumes of 



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