Human error problems include: tank overflow, improper hose connection, and 

 improper valve handling [11]. Protection structures for the storage tanks 

 and pipelines, such as dikes and berms, are required to minimize the 

 effects of spills. Gutters and collection basins on the loading pier can 

 prevent leakage into the marine waters. Fire and explosion are also major 

 potential hazards at the transfer terminal and storage tank farm. 



3.4 SERVICE BASES AND REPAIR YARDS 



3.4.1 Profile 



Supply and support of offshore oil and gas exploration and development 

 activities demands a complex array of onshore facilities. Onshore service 

 bases which provide the necessary services and supplies for offshore 

 operations are central to the OCS activity. Marine repair and maintenance 

 yards also play a key support role. 



The ultimate extent of expansion or need for new construction at 

 shipyards, harbors and other marine industrial areas depends upon the 

 demands of offshore oil and gas recovery programs. Some of the factors 

 that may influence the petroleum companies and support industries' onshore 

 development options are the degree of success of drilling ventures, the 

 capacity of existing facilities to meet new demands, the proximity of 

 existing services and firms to offshore fields, the local area zoning 

 and environmental controls, and community attitudes. 



Service bases and repair yards are smaller than other onshore facili- 

 ties. However, they have a potential for creatinn adverse effects on fish and 

 wildlife and their habitats that is related to the size, scale, location, and 

 activity level of service bases and repair yards, as explained in the following: 



The temporary service base : This facility, used during the 

 exploratory phase of offshore activities is the staging area established 

 by an oil company or independent service contractor for shipping equipment, 

 supplies, and personnel to offshore sites. The base may include berths 

 for supply and crew boats, dock space for loading and unloading supplies, 

 warehousing, open storage areas, buildings to house supervisory and 

 communications personnel, and a helipad. The size of the base and level 

 of vessel activity depend on the number and kinds of vessels and 

 exploratory drilling rigs being served. The bases are relatively small, 

 requiring limited acreage generally leased for a short term. Often 

 public port facilities are used. Where no suitable buildings are 

 available, one or more house trailers may be used. 



\ 



The permanent service base : This facility provides essentially the 

 same logistical support and services during the development and production 

 phases as the temporary base does during the exploratory phase. But 

 because as many as 50 wells can be drilled from one platform and 

 additional platforms generally follow, the size and intensity of required 

 support and services increase dramatically during development (Figure 4). 



34 



