An oil storage area with a capacfEy oT from one mi 1 lion to three and 

 one-half minion barrels may require roughly 20 to 60 acres. Some 

 additional land is needed for office and maintenance buildings, the 

 pipeline corridor, "or a pumping statfoh. Mre space may Be necessary for 

 processing units if partial processing (oil -water-gas separation) does not 

 occur at the offshore field or if a sulfur treatment facility for sour 

 crude is required [7]. 



The size of a terminal depends on the rate of flow of oil from off- 

 shore, the number of berths, the size of the tankers, and the frequency of 

 arrival. Extra storage is needed to provide for the irregularity of 

 tanker arrival. For example, a 250,000 B/D nearshore terminal with 

 storage capacity of one million barrels (in four 250,000 BBL tanks) would 

 require about 30 acres, assuming no on-site processing is performed [7]. 

 The marine terminal site must be level, normally with a surface grade of 

 less than three percent. Because of the weight of large capacity storage 

 tanks, good load-bearing soils are required, as well as geologically 

 stable ground. Storage tank foundations require a bearing strength in 

 excess of 7,000 pounds per square foot [7]. Pile foundations may be 

 required where soils cannot meet bearing capacity requirements. 



A new site for the berthing operations of a marine terminal will 

 necessarily be adjacent to a suitable navigation channel, or located 

 nearshore in deep water. A turning basin area big enough for the largest 

 expected vessels must be available or be created by dredging. A typical 

 layout for a double berth sea island terminal is shown in Figure 3. 



Water supply is important if processing is to take place at the 

 terminal. Electric power requirements for a typical terminal are 

 estimated at about 8 million kwh/year at the terminal pier. Fuel storage 

 will be required for service vessels and equipment, including tug boats, 

 launches, pilot boats, and for diesel generators. 



The most important factor in construction of an onshore pipeline 

 system is the availability of a suitable overland route (pipeline 

 corridor). Capital and operating costs are held to a minimum, as far as 

 possible, by selecting the shortest route. Corridor widths vary between 

 about 50 feet and 150 feet, depending on several factors, including the 

 expectation that further parallel lines may be added to increase the 

 capacity of the system. The number of pumping stations depends on 

 distance, and the planned initial rate of flow (which may be considerably 

 less than capacity). Additional stations may be added as the amount of 

 oil or gas to be transmitted increases. The use of existing rights- 

 of-way, such as power line corridors, can lower initial costs and 

 reduce environmental disturbances. 



3.3.3 Potential Sources of Disturbance 



New marine terminals may disturb fish and wildlife and their habi- 

 tats, especially when the terminals are located outside of existing harbors 



28 



