4.15 INDUSTRIAL COOLING WATER SYSTEMS - SUBPROJECT 15 ^66 



4.15.1 Summary 16€ 



4.15.2 Intake Design and Operation 168 



4.15.3 Discharge Design and Operation 171 



4.16 MOSQUITO CONTROL - SUBPROJECT 16 172 



4.16.1 Summary 172 



4.16.2 Ditching 175 



4.16.3 Water Management 175 



Open-Marsh Water Management 176 



Impoundments 178 



4.16.4 Temporary Control with Pesticides 180 



4.17 DIKES, LEVEES, AND IMPOUNDMENTS - SUBPROJECT 17 181 



4.17.1 Sunmary 181 



4.17.2 Flood Control and Drainage 181 



4.17.3 Impoundment 183 



4.18 OFFSHORE AND PLATFORM STRUCTURES - SUBPROJECT 18 184 



4.18.1 Summary 184 



4.18.2 Activities 184 



4.19 MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS - SUBPROJECT 19 186 



4.19.1 Summary 187 



4.19.2 Oil Tankers 183 



4.19.3 Transfer Systems 193 



4.19.4 Oil Spill Fate and Containment 193 



4.19.5 Ecological Disturbance 196 



4.19.6 LNG Carriers 200 



4.20 SUBMERGED TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS - SUBPROJECT 20 200 



4.20.1 Summary 200 



4.20.2 Location 201 



4.20.3 Design 202 



4.20.4 Construction 203 



4.20.5 Operations 204 



4.20.6 Shore Zone Installation 205 



REFERENCES 207 



XIV 



