Table 26. Measures for Reducing and Delaying Urban Storm Runoff 

 (Source: Reference 117) 



Area 



Reducing Runoff 



Delaying Runoff 



Large flat roof 



Parking lots 



Residential 



General 



1. Cistern storage 



2. Rooftop gardens 



3. Pool or fountain storage 



4. Sod roof cover 



1. Porous pavement 



a. Gravel parking lots 



b. Porous or punctured 

 asphalt 



2. Gravel beds or cisterns 

 beneath parking lots in 

 high-value areas 



3. Vegetated ponding areas 

 around parking lots 



4. Gravel trenches 



1. Cisterns for individual 

 homes or groups of homes 



2. Gravel driveways (porous) 



3. Contoured landscape 



4. Groundwater recharge 



a. Perforated pipe 



b. Gravel (sand) 



c. Trench 



d. Porous pipe 



e. Dry wells 



5. Vegetated depressions 



1. Gravel alleys 



2. Porous sidewalks 



3. Mulched planters 



1. Ponding on roof by constricted 

 down-spouts 



2. Increasing roof roughness 



a. Rippled roof 



b. Graveled roof 



1. Grassy strips on parking lots 



2. Grassed waterways draining 

 parking lot 



3. Ponding and detention 

 measures for impervious areas 



a. Rippled pavement 



b. Depressions 



c. Basins 



1. Reservoir or detention basin 



2. Planting a high delaying grass 

 (high roughness) 



3. Gravel driveways 



4. Grassy gutters or channels 



■ 5. Increased length of travel of 

 runoff by means of gutters, 

 diversions, etc. 



1. Gravel alleys 



waste includes residential, commercial, and demolition debris; agricultural 

 waste includes animal manures and crop residues; industrial waste includes 

 excesses from food processing, manufacturing, and lumbering. 



Major oil -related facilities and the secondary development induced by 

 them produce large volumes of solid wastes. For example, a refinery 

 produces the following types of solid wastes [118]. 



1. Varying amounts of iron rust, iron sulfides, clay, and sand 

 in crude oil . 



154 



