XII GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 5OI 



tropical regions, and also in North and Central America, not ex- 

 tending, however, into South America. Malniia, with more than 

 sixty species, occurs in the Palaeotropical and the Neotropical 

 regions. AVhether these and other widely-distributed genera are 

 all natural is another question. 



The Agamidae, Yaranidae, Lacertidae, and the Chamaeleontes 

 are restricted to the Old World. The Agamidae and Yaranidae 

 have the widest distribution, occurring in the whole of the Old 

 "World with the notable exception of Madagascar and New 

 Zealand. The Lacertidae are Palaearctic and Palaeotropical, being 

 however absent in ]\ladagascar, and, broadly speaking, not extend- 

 ing eastwards beyond Wallace's line. It is a most suggestive 

 fact that most of those families of Eeptiles, and even of other 

 Yertebrates which have a wide distribution and are apparently 

 tlebarred from transgressing Wallace's line, are also absent from 

 ^Nladatjascar. 



The Cliameleons are essentially African, with their centre of 

 greatest abimdance and development in Madagascar, only one or 

 two species occurring in Socotra, Southern Arabia, and in Ceylon 

 and Southern India. If they existed, or could l)e shown to 

 have existed, on the various islands in the Indian Ocean, for 

 instance in Mauritius and the Seychelles, the Chameleons would 

 be an excellent illustration of the former existence of a direct 

 land-connexion between Southern India and Southern Africa. 



The Iguanidae are essentially American, with the remarkable 

 exceptions of Chalarodon and Hiyplnrvs in ]\Iadagascar, and 

 Brachylo2)hus in the Fiji and Friendly Islands. This peculiar 

 distribution finds some analogies in that of Dendrobatinae (p. 

 272), certain Boinae (p. 601), and Centetes and Solenodon among 

 lusectivora. An Iguana (/. euro])aect) has, however, been described 

 from the Eocene of France and England. The supposed relation- 

 ship of the Iguanidae with the Agamidae makes the problem 

 only more puzzling, since Agamidae are absent in Madagascar. 

 If we have recourse to the Zonuridae, which are confined to ^Vfrica 

 and Madagascar, and are supposed to be intermediate between 

 Anguidae and Iguanidae, then we may have iiltimately to con- 

 clude that the Malagasy Iguanoid genera and the American 

 Itjuanidae are a case of convero;ent evolution. 



The Amphisbaenidae are distributed over America, including 

 the West Indies, Africa exclusive of ]\Iadagascar, and the 



