( 424 ) 



a name preoccupied on]}' if there is au identical older name iu the genus to which 

 the sjiecies or variety noio belongs, it being qnite irrelevant whether the name was 

 or was not preoccupied iu the genus where the author originally placed the I'orm. 

 rapilio bruttia Fabr. (17U3), which is a swallow-tail, does not sink as a synonym 

 on account of rapilio brutiis Cram. (1775), which is a Nymphalid. As in the case 

 of the Revision of the Fapilios of the Eastern Hemisphere (1895), we revert also 

 in the present Revision to the first name of each form, though this name may recur 

 in this so-called genus Papilio. In our proposed generic revision of the Papilionidac 

 the forms which appear homonymous in the present work will come under diilerent 

 generic titles. The number of such names is very small, and it is certainly advisable 

 to bring already here the names of the forms in accord with the names they will 

 bear in the generic revision of the family. 



The list of Fapilios iu his collection published by Charles Oberthiir in l8Si) 

 contains many useful hints, besides a number of fine figures, and descriptions of 

 new forms. The collection was very small at that time as compared with what 

 it contains now. 



Aurivillius, in 1882, gave a revision of the Lepidoptera described by Linne 

 in Museum Ludocicae Ulricac (1764). Though there are some points which the 

 author conld not satisfactorily decide for want of adequate material, the essay is 

 an examj)le of very painstaking work, nothing being taken for granted and every 

 question carefully investigated. It is a Recisio Criticn in the true sense. 



The only popular work on exotic Butterflies which it is necessary to mention 

 here is Staudinger's Exotische Tag/alter. The book, which was destined for the 

 great mass of " collectors " of butterflies, was not meant to be a critical entomo- 

 logical work. But, in spite of numerous errors in identification, it was also from 

 a scientific point of view a welcome contribution towards the knowledge of tropical 

 butterflies. Here, and in some other i)laces, notably in the Iris, Standinger 

 described (piite a number of new species and viu'ieties of American Fapilios, among 

 which hahiidiy quadratus, tasio and (jaiicppi are the most noteworthy. We need 

 not dwell here on Staudinger's enormous influence on Falaearctic Lejiidopterology, 

 which was his chief interest ; but it is only fair to mention that no other ento- 

 mologist has had so great an influence on the exploration of the South American 

 butterfly fauna as Dr. Standinger. A great many collectors and residents were 

 encouraged and subsidised by him, among whom Dr. Hahuel and the Garlepps were 

 tiie most successful. A large proportion of the American Fapilios which one sees 

 in collections are Standingerian specimens. In systematics Standinger was guided 

 more by the general appearance of the species, or by intuition, if we may say so, 

 than by hard facts of morphology, and therefore was often led astray. However, 

 ho was far too keen an observer not to recognise some general truths in respect 

 to relationship. He was the first to see that there is a diflcreuce between 

 geographical and non-geographical varieties, and he endeavoured to distinguish 

 even nomenclatorially between these two grades of varieties, calling the geographical 

 variety va/ietas (var.) and the non-geographical variety abeinUio (ab.) The 

 distinction remained, however, more or less theoretical, Lepidopterists emjjloying 

 car. and ab. just as iu<liscriminately as before. This is one of the reasons why 

 we reject var. altogether as a special nomenclatorial term. In another matter we 

 have followed Standinger now for some years. In the Revision of the Fapilios 

 of the Eastern Hemisphere we altered, following precedent, all the adjective names 

 of species and varieties into the masculine gender, I'apilio being masculine. We 



