( 536 ) 

 59. Papilio crassns Cram. (1777). 



Papilio Eques Trojanus crassus Cramer, Ay>. ExnI. ii. p. 23. t. 112. fig. C. (? (1777) (Surinam) ; 



Goeze, Ent. Beytr. iii. 1. p. 85. n. 58 (177U)- 

 rujiiliii Eques Trojanns beluf, Fabricius (nan Cramer, 1777, err. det.), Sjirc. Inx. ii. p. 9. n. 31 (1781) 



(parlim) ; Jabl. & Herbst, Natitrs. Schmelt. ii. p. !I5. n. 27 (1784) (parlim) ; Fabr., Mnnt. 



Ins. ii. p. 5. n. 3G (1787) {parlim) ; Gmelin, Si/sl. Xiil. i. 5. p. 2233. n. 29-1 (17'.>0) (parlim) ; 



Esper, Aiisl. Schmett. p. 80 sub n. .3.5, and p. 11(5. n. 5f). t. 27. fig. 3. ^ (17112) : Fabr., Knl. 



%< iii. 1. p. 17 n. 53 (1793) (;OTWim). 

 Princeps dominans crassus, Hiibner, Snniml. E.rot. Si'hmell. i. t. 131 (1806— ?). 

 Ilhohalus crassus, id., Vers. bth. Srhmell. p. 88. n. 914 (1818?); Kirby, in Hiibner, .S„m»i/. £j:«^ 



ScJimHt. ed. ii. p. 92. t. 131. fig. 1. 2 (190—?). 

 Papilio belus var. crassus, Godart, Enc. Melh. ix. p. 38. n. 42 (1819). 

 Papilio crasnis, Lacordaire, Ann. Sue. Ent. Fr. ii. p. 385 (1833) (Gayane ; descr. of larva and pupa) ; 



Lucas, Up. Exot. p. .33. t. 17. fig. 1. ^ (1*'^5) ; Boisd., Spec. Gen. Up. i. p. 314. n. l.'.S (183G) 



(Brazil ; Gu.iane ; larva and pupa) ; Lucas, in Gu^rin, Diet. Pilt. Nat. vii. p. 48 (1838) ; 



Doubl.. List Up. Ins. Brit. .Uns. i. p. 14(1845) (Brazil) ; id., West. & Hew., Gen. Dinrn. Up.\, 



p. 19. n 232 (1846) (Brazil ; Cayenne) ; Gray, Git. Up. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. Pap. p. 68. n. 307 



(1852) (Brazil) ; id.. List Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. Pap. p. 79. n. 324 (1.856) (Brazil ; Parji) ; 



Mi'ni'tr., Enuni. Corp. Anim. Mm. Petrup., Lep.K. p. 6. n. 91 (1857) (Brazil) ; Bate.", Trans. Ent. 



Sue. Land. (2). v. p. 227 (1861) (Pari ; S. Paulo, Upper Amazons) ; id., Juurn. Entom. i. p. 223. 



n. 1 (1862) (Upp. Amazons ; Pani) : Feld., I>)7). Zonl. Bat. Ges. Wien xiv. p. 298. n. 130 



(1864) (Surinam : Amazons ; Brazil) ; Kirby, Cat. Dinrn. Lrp. p. 522. n. 33 (1871) ; Capronn., 



Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xvii. p. 9. n. 9 (1874) (Rio, Sept. ; Botafogo, Nov.) ; Druce, Pmr. Zool. 



Soe. Land. p. 245. n. 9. (1876) (Peru) ; Butl., Ann. Mar/. X. 11. (4). xx. p. 127. n. 59 (1877) 



(R. Mairo, Peru) ; Burm., Descr. Rep. Argent, v. Lep., Atlas p. i>. n. 11 (1879) (larva, pupa ; 



Rio de Janeiro) ; Oberth., El. dEnt. iv. p. 99. n. 311 (1880) (Ecuador ; Brazil) ; Stand., E.mt. 



Tu(if. i. p. 12. t. 8. S (1884) (S. Brazil ; S. Peru to Venezuela) ; Maass. .and Weym., in 



Stiibel, Reisen S. Amer., Lep. p. 91. n. 37 (1890) (S. Catharina ; Haase, Untcrswh. Mimicr>i i. 



p. 76 (1893) ; Michael, Iris vii. p. 213 (1894) (Sao Paulo de Olivenfa) ; Bonningb., Verh. Ver. 



Nat. Unlerh. Uamhiiry ix. p. 28 (1895) (Rio de Janeiro ; rather common); Peters, lilustr. 



Zeitschr. Ent. ii. p. 52 (1897) (Nova Friburgo, larva, pupa) ; Haensch, Berl. Ent. Zeitsclir. xlviii. 



p. 154 (1903) (Archidona, 640 m.) ; Weeks, IU„str. Diurn. Lep. p. 20 (1905) (Chulumani, 



Bolivia). 

 Papilio Irpidus Felder, Wien. Ent. Man. v. p. 72. n. 1. (1861) (Caracas; coll. Kaden, var. in coll. 



Godman) ; Bates, /o»i7(. &((. i. p. 223. sub n. 1 (1.S62) (Venezuela, local form of crassus); 



Feld., Verh. ZuuL Bat. Ges. Wien xiv. p. 208. n. 129 (1864) (Venezuela ; BogoU) ; id., Reise 



Novara, Lep. p. 40. n. 29. t. 10. fig. a. (J (1865) (Venezuela ; Bogota) ; Staud., Exot. Taaf. i. 

 p. 12 (1884) (Colombia ; Venezuela) : Godm. & Salv., Bial Centr. Amer., Rlinp. ii. p. 203. 

 n. 20 (1890) (Panama) ; Weeks, llhixtr. Dinrn. Lep. p. 20 (1905) (Chulumani, Bolivia). 

 Papilio crassus var. a. P. lepidus, Kirby, Cat. Dinrn. Lep. p. 622. sub n. .33 (1871) (Venezuela). 



<?. White scales on npperside of abdomen acuminate ; the proximal segments 

 more or less extended green-black. Scalin.fc of npperside of forewins dcniticulate ; 

 I wo large patches R'— M-, a long streak in cell and a streak behind M- occnpying 

 the hinder angle behind M'^ and cell, yellowish cream-colonr ; these patches often 

 reduced or entirely absent ; the same patches on the underside, but paler, here 



often preserved in specimens in which they are absent from the upperside. 



Scaling of upperside of hindwing non-dentate ; a large greenish white ])atch 

 between C and SCI- reaching from sabbasal cellule to near apex of C, limited in 

 front by this vein, many specimens with a short streak behind SC- near distal 

 margin ; snbmarginal spots of underside brick-red, occasionally slightly nifoiis, 

 usually accompanied by more or less distinct bnt miunte white admargiual dots 

 which stand at the veins (as in the allied species), not in the centre between the 

 veins, being remnants of transverse bars ; there is rarely a red spot between 

 C and SC% 



? . Wings similar to those of male, but the white subcostal patch of the 

 hindwing reduced, being represented by an ill-defined snbmarginal spot. 



